4.rationalization

5.Carl Rogers

三、問答題， 1.請簡介辯證行為治療(dialectical behavior therapy)。可介紹該治療法對邊緣人格障礙症 的假設、辯證的基本概念、以及常用策略。

(1)就以上的訊息來看，請你大膽假設小美怎麼了(可包含她遇到的困境、具備的資源 等)。

(2)如果你是諮商老師，你接下去的諮商計畫如何？你的做法屬於哪一種諮商取向？ 試說說看。

1. _____(1)____ is a psychological intervention that mainly uses shaping and positive reinforcement to improve specific behaviors.

2. _____(2)____ is an umbrella category that covers a group of mental disturbances in which a person intentionally fakes physical or psychological symptoms in order to assume the role of the patient without clear benefits.

3. A person who does not talk to anyone, and appears indifferent to other people. It is clear that he neither desires nor enjoys closeness with others. He does not act in any obviously unusual ways, nor does he appear to possess strange beliefs about the world. This behavioral pattern appears to be typical to _____(3)____.

4. A person who drinks too much alcohol may be able to perform complicated tasks, such as dancing, carrying on a conversation or even driving a car, but later have no memory of those escapades. These periods of amnesia, commonly known as “blackouts.” Neuroscientists have identified the brain cells involved in blackouts. The mechanism involves NMDA receptors that transmit _____(4)____, which is one of the most important excitatory neurotransmitters.

5. Jo has been ordered to attend counseling because she assaulted one of her husband’s female coworkers. At the first session, she appeared highly guarded and refused to answer many of the questions posed to her. Eventually the therapist determined that Jo believed her husband was having an affair with the woman she attacked. Her husband has denied the affair and he, along with several other people, has repeatedly told Jo that the coworker is happily involved in a long-term relationship with her female partner. In the end, Jo angrily stomped out of the therapy session because she became convinced that the therapist was also attracted to her husband and was “just looking for dirt on her.” The behavioral pattern of Jo appears to be typical to _____(5)____.

6. Among diagnoses of mood disorders, compared to an individual with persistent depressive disorder, it would be accurate to say that an individual with _____(6)____ probably would be considered "moody."

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