II. Reading-Comprehension & Mixed-Type Questions Design (20%) Based on the passage provided, please design five reading comprehension questions based on the passage aligned with the format of the GSAT questions. At least three different question types must be included (e.g., multiple-choice, matching, sequencing, or graphic organizer completion) Provide the correct answer for each question and briefly indicate what each question is intended to assess (e.g., main idea, detail, inference, vocabulary in context, or text organization). Passage By the year 2050, the global population is projected to reach nearly 10 billion. This demographic explosion presents a daunting challenge: how to feed billions more people without destroying the planet’s remaining ecosystems. Currently, traditional agriculture consumes 70% of the world’s freshwater and is a leading cause of deforestation. In response to this environmental predicament, a radical innovation has emerged—vertical farming. This method involves growing crops in stacked layers, often integrated into urban structures such as skyscrapers or repurposed shipping containers. The core of vertical farming lies in Controlled Environment Agriculture (CEA) technology. Unlike traditional farming, which is at the mercy of unpredictable weather patterns and seasonal changes, vertical farms operate under highly regulated conditions. Artificial LED lights provide the exact spectrum needed for photosynthesis, while sophisticated sensors monitor temperature, humidity, and nutrient levels. Because the environment is sealed, the need for chemical pesticides is virtually eliminated. Furthermore, many vertical farms utilize hydroponic or aeroponic systems, which can reduce water consumption by up to 95% compared to conventional soil-based farming. Proponents of vertical farming also highlight its potential to revolutionize food logistics. Most traditional produce travels thousands of miles from rural farms to urban dinner tables, contributing to a significant carbon footprint and food spoilage. By bringing the farm into the heart of the city, vertical farming ensures that vegetables reach consumers within hours of harvest, maximizing both freshness and nutritional value. This “hyper-local” production model could be the key to enhancing food security in densely populated metropolitan areas. However, the path to a vertical future is not without its hurdles. The most significant drawback is the staggering amount of energy required to power the artificial lighting and climate control systems 24/7. While solar and wind power offer potential solutions, the current reliance on fossil fuels in many regions can make the carbon footprint of vertical farming higher than that of traditional methods. Additionally, the initial capital investment for infrastructure and technology is immense, making it difficult for small-scale farmers to compete. Furthermore, vertical farming is currently limited to high-value leafy greens and herbs; staple crops like wheat and rice, which provide the bulk of global calories, are not yet economically viable to grow upward. Ultimately, vertical farming may not replace traditional agriculture entirely, but it represents a crucial tool in our quest for sustainability. As technology advances and energy costs decrease, these urban towers of green may soon become a common sight in the cityscapes of tomorrow.

IV. Writing and Reading Comprehension Questions Design (20%) Rewrite the given passage below into a well-structured text of 300 to 350 words and create 4 reading comprehension questions based on your rewritten passage. Be sure to provide the answer key. Tudor architecture marks a pivotal moment in English history, blending older medieval traditions with emerging Renaissance ideas to create a distinctive and lasting style. It is not only visually recognizable but also tied to a compelling story of ambition and power. One of the most famous examples begins in 1515, when Cardinal Thomas Wolsey—who rose from humble beginnings to become King Henry VIII’s most trusted advisor—began building Hampton Court Palace. Wolsey envisioned a residence so magnificent that it could rival even the King’s own. His project reflected both his immense influence and his desire to display it, while also helping shape what would become a defining architectural style of the Tudor period. Yet power can shift quickly. Wolsey’s failure to secure Henry VIII’s divorce from Catherine of Aragon led to his sudden downfall in 1529. The King seized Hampton Court Palace and transformed it into a royal residence, expanding it with additions such as the Great Hall and other lavish features. What began as Wolsey’s personal statement became one of the most iconic symbols of Tudor England. In a way, the palace stands as both a monument to royal authority and a reminder of Wolsey’s dramatic rise and fall. Although Wolsey played an important role in promoting this style, Tudor architecture did not originate with him alone. He functioned more as a patron, working with skilled architects and craftsmen. The style itself began to emerge in the late 15th century, during a transitional period when England was moving away from medieval Gothic traditions and gradually incorporating Renaissance influences. Named after the Tudor dynasty, which ruled from 1485 to 1603, the style developed during a time of increasing political stability following the Wars of the Roses. Under Henry VII, this stability created opportunities for architectural innovation and experimentation. As England entered a more peaceful era, the focus of building shifted. Instead of purely defensive structures, architects began designing grand manor houses and palaces that balanced protection with comfort and decoration. Figures such as Henry VII and Sir Reginald Bray contributed to this evolution through projects like Richmond Palace. These developments resulted in buildings that combined elements from both Gothic and Renaissance traditions, creating what can be described as a transitional or hybrid style. Over time, Tudor architecture established its own clear identity. It emphasized both functionality and visual appeal, with a strong focus on craftsmanship and the use of local materials. Timber and brick became especially important, and one notable shift during this period was the increased use of brick instead of stone. This change reflected not only aesthetic preferences but also broader economic and technological developments. Several key features define Tudor architecture. One of the most recognizable is half-timbering, where exposed wooden frames are filled with plaster or brick, forming distinctive patterns on exterior walls. Roofs are typically steeply pitched and often include multiple gables, making them both practical for weather conditions and visually striking. Tall, decorative chimneys are another hallmark, often elaborately designed to display wealth and status. Windows in Tudor buildings are usually narrow and tall, often grouped together and fitted with leaded glass. These casement windows allow natural light while maintaining a vertical emphasis inherited from Gothic design. Entrances frequently feature ornate doorways and Tudor arches, which are flatter than the sharply pointed arches of earlier Gothic structures. In wealthier buildings, a combination of brick and stonework further highlights the stylistic transition taking place during this time. The relationship between Tudor architecture and earlier styles is essential to understanding its significance. Gothic architecture, which had dominated Europe for centuries, heavily influenced Tudor design. Its vertical lines, intricate detailing, and pointed forms were adapted from large religious structures into more domestic settings. This allowed Tudor homes to retain a sense of grandeur while becoming more suitable for everyday living. At the same time, Renaissance ideas introduced a new focus on symmetry, proportion, and classical elements. Originating in Italy, the Renaissance gradually spread across Europe, influencing English architecture as well. Tudor builders incorporated some of these principles, particularly in their use of brickwork and more balanced designs. Rather than replacing Gothic elements entirely, these ideas blended together, resulting in a unique and distinctly English style. This fusion makes Tudor architecture a true transitional form, bridging the gap between medieval and modern design. It also laid the foundation for the Elizabethan style that followed, which would place even greater emphasis on symmetry and decorative complexity. Tudor buildings reflect a desire to combine the dramatic qualities of Gothic architecture with the harmony and order associated with the Renaissance. Ultimately, Tudor architecture represents more than just a style of building; it reflects a period of change in English society. It captures a time when stability allowed for creativity and when people sought to express both tradition and progress in their surroundings. From Wolsey’s ambitious vision at Hampton Court to the broader development of manor houses and palaces, Tudor architecture tells a story of experimentation and aspiration. It stands as a lasting example of how historical transitions can shape not only the way people live, but also the spaces they create.

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