a. Calculate ∆G^o and K for the cell reaction at 25^oC.

b. Calculate ξcell at 25oC when [Au3+] = 0.050 M and [Tl+] = 1.0x10-3 M 

2. The mass percent of carbon in a typical human is 18 %, and the mass percent of 14C in natural carbon is 1.6✕10-10 %. Assuming a 200-lb person, how many decay events per second occur in this person due exclusively to β-decay of 14C (for 14C, t1/2 = 5730 years; 1 lb = 0.454 kg) 

3. Carbonate buffers are important in regulating the pH of blood at 7.40. If the carbonic acid concentration in a sample of blood is 1.2 mM, determine the bicarbonate ion concentration required to buffered the pH of blood at pH = 7.40. H2CO3(aq)⇌HCO3-(aq) + H+(aq) ; Ka = 4.3✕10-7

4. Trans fats are made by treating free-flowing oils with hydrogen, a catalyst, and high heat to change the structure of the oil. Although the hydrogenated oils are much more stable toward spoilage, a serious drawback to this process has been realized that the trans form of the fat poses serious health risks when compared to naturally occurring cis form of the oils. The part of the hydrogenated process that results in the formation of trans fat can be summarized as follows: cis fat(aq) + H2(aq) ⇌ trans fat(aq) A typical value of equilibrium constant of this type of reaction is about 5.0. If we start with 0.1 mol/L each of cis fat and H2. Calculate the equilibrium concentrations of cis fat and trans fat, respectively. 

5. Theophylline is a pharmaceutical drug that is sometimes used to help with lung function. You observe a case where initial laboratory results indicate that the concentration of theophylline in a patient’s body decreased from 0.002 M to 0.001 M in 24 hours. In another 12 hours the drug concentration was found to be 0.0005 M. What is the value of the rate constant for the metabolism of this drug in body?

6. Assuming the MgO unit cell has a face-centered cubic arrangement of the anions with cations in the octahedral holes. (a.) If the density of MgO is 3.58 g/cm3 , estimate the radius of O2- anions and Mg2+ cations (in nanometer). (b.) Calculate the space occupied percentage (%) by ions in a unit cell of MgO (Assuming that cations and anions touch along the edges of the unit cell; anions touch along the diagonals for each face; Mg: 24.31 g/mol)

7. Plot all the possible Lewis structures of XeO3 and indicate which Lewis structure or structures are most appropriate according to the formal charges.

(c) (5%) What is the Gibbs free energy of freezing water at -10°C? (Molar melting enthalpy of ice: △mH° = 5619 J mol -1at–10°C, △mH° = 6008 J mol-¹ at 0°C; molar heat capacity: ice Cp,m=37.66 J mol-¹K-¹, water Cp,m-75.38 J mol¹K¹)

(b) (5%) The entropy of change for the isolated system upon freezing includes the entropy change of the surrounding as the entropy change of the water. Since the heat capacity of surrounding is large, the heat evolved by the water on freezing us absorbed by the surrounding with only an infinitesimal change in temperature. Calculate the entropy change of the surrounding! What is the change in the entropy of the universe?

(a) (5%) Calculate the change in the entropy when 1 mol of liquid water at -10°C changes to ice at -10°C. Explain your result!

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