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50. 下列有關催化劑的描述，何者為正確？ (A) 將平衡推向有利的特定方向 (B) 不會改變反應路徑( reaction path ) (C) 自我催化反應( autocatalyzed reactions )中，反應產物亦可扮演催化劑的角色 (D) 不會降低活化能

49. 保利龍( polystyrene )是屬於何種分散( dispersion )系統？ (A) 氣體分散於液體 (B) 固體分散於氣體 (C) 氣體分散於固體 (D) 固體分散於液體

48. 探討氣體在水溶液中之溶解度與氣體壓力之關係者，為下列何種定律？ (A) 拉午爾定律( Raoult's law ) (B) 波義耳定律( Boyle's law ) (C) 道爾敦分壓定律( Dalton's law of partial pressure ) (D) 亨利定律( Henry's law )

4.何謂alpha-diversity？

3. 何謂beta-diverdity？

2. 何謂生物恆定性？

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28.In man and other mammals the taste receptor cells are located in the fungiform papillae at the front of the tongue and in the foliate and circumvallate papillae at the back of the tongue. Among insects and other invertebrate animals, taste receptors are located in specialized hairs on the feet, legs, or body surface. ______ The first recordings of electrical impulses from taste cells were obtained in 1955 from a receptor of a fly. (A) The sensations perceived in the brain evidently result from a complex coding of the electrical impulses transmitted by the receptor cells. (B) A single taste receptor cell may alter its output of electrical impulses to any three or four of these so-called modalities (C) The tympanic membrane of the inner ear is mysteriously related to our perception of taste. (D) Often, smell plays an important role in the perception of many sensations considered to be tastes. (E) Because of the accessibility of taste receptors in some insects, much of the fundamental research on taste mechanisms has been conducted on these animals.

29.The idea that there are four different types of taste receptors, each giving rise to a single sensation - sweet, salt, sour, and bitter - is a popular oversimplification. ______ (A) The sensations perceived in the brain evidently result from a complex coding of the electrical impulses transmitted by the receptor cells. (B) A single taste receptor cell may alter its output of electrical impulses to any three or four of these so-called modalities (C) The tympanic membrane of the inner ear is mysteriously related to our perception of taste. (D) Often, smell plays an important role in the perception of many sensations considered to be tastes. (E) Because of the accessibility of taste receptors in some insects, much of the fundamental research on taste mechanisms has been conducted on these animals.

30.It is generally assumed that the cell membrane of a receptor cell has various sites that combine with different chemicals. ______ A preference for sugar, the so-called sweet tooth, is common among many animals, and taste cravings to compensate for dietary or hormonal imbalances are well known. (A) The sensations perceived in the brain evidently result from a complex coding of the electrical impulses transmitted by the receptor cells. (B) A single taste receptor cell may alter its output of electrical impulses to any three or four of these so-called modalities (C) The tympanic membrane of the inner ear is mysteriously related to our perception of taste. (D) Often, smell plays an important role in the perception of many sensations considered to be tastes. (E) Because of the accessibility of taste receptors in some insects, much of the fundamental research on taste mechanisms has been conducted on these animals.

According to the German philosopher Karl Marx: The less you eat, drink and buy books; the less you go to the theatre, the dance hall, the public house; the less you think, love, theorise, sing, paint, fence, etc., the more you save--the greater becomes your treasure which neither moths nor rust will devour--your capital. The less you are, the less you express your own life, the more you have, i.e., the greater is your alienated life, the greater is the store of your estranged being.                                                                             -from "Human Requirements and Division of Labour                                                                                            under the Rule of Private Property" (1844)  This excerpt discusses what one may gain or lose while making choices between work and life, or between capital and self: the more one works, the more money one saves, the less life one has, and the more alienated one becomes. Do you agree with Marx? Is work necessarily alienating? Does the accumulation of capital necessarily lead to a loss of self? Or, is capital so crucial for one's survival that it is worthwhile to sacrifice life and self for more money? More fundamentally, what - if any - differentiates "work" from other life activities? What could individuals gain from "work" and at what expenses? Couldn't "work" be part of life and a way to fulfill oneself? What makes a worker "unfree" and what may be required to transform "work" into unalienating experiences? Write a well-structured essay to unpack or comment on the excerpt from Marx. You are welcome to include in your essay answers to any of the questions above or initiate your own dialogues with Marx. (100 points)

一、試就英國史學家柯靈烏(R. G. Collingwood)的名言，「所有歷史都是思想史」，論述歷史的作用。(25分)

二、請就劉知幾的史家三長論述。(25分)