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- 五、公海漁場屬於什麼樣的財貨，此種市場會出現什麼問題？如何解決？
（10 分）
- 四、警察是否為公共財（public goods）？是否為純粹公共財（pure public
goods）？如何界定，為什麼？試舉二個純粹公共財的例子。 （15 分）
三、
【題組】⑶如果人口成長增加市場需求，試問市場將如何運行以達到新的市場均衡？（25 分）- 請依下文回答第 46 題至第 50 題
In New Zealand’s Westland District the closure of the local indigenous timber industry alongside rapid growthof the dairy and tourism sectors has produced dilemmas for families and communities as they attempt to adjust tothe social consequences of rapid industry change. Drawing on a social capital perspective and a case study of 12Westland families, this project examines how rural families bring balance to aspects of the three actions defined byArendt as being essential to the human condition: family, work and community life. The findings reveal significantinsights into how social capital is effectively reproduced in times of change. These insights are discussed in termsof their social policy implications.
Fifty years ago Hannah Arendt published The Human Condition. In this work she contended that there arethree types of action required to be “fully human.” The first two of these actions, engagement in family life and paidwork, are necessary for human existence in contemporary society. The third action she called vita activa, or publiclife: a life that is actioned within jointly built civil spaces. Within these spaces we are capable of debate, we shareactions and we resolve collective dilemmas. Arendt reminds us that the absence of, or over-attention to, any oneaspect of the human condition is likely to be problematic.
A half a century on from Arendt’s original thesis, public policy continues to debate aspects of vita activa anddemocratic governments still seek to engage vita activa in economically and socially productive ways. Working outthe shifting balance between family life, paid work and vita activa is a crucial aspect of responding effectively tosignificant social change, be it local issues (such as natural disaster relief) or meeting the challenges that arise as aconsequence of external or global forces (such as the loss of a core industry). The concept of social capital has beenused as a way to recognise and gauge vita activa.
The term “social capital” originated, in part, in an attempt to understand how features of social organisation, suchas trust, norms and networks can improve the efficiency of society by facilitating coordinated actions. Voluntary orjoint social actions provide the opportunity to resolve collective dilemmas. Individuals achieve this through thedevelopment and use of social bonds and networks as resources to facilitate productive activity. By maintaining thesocial relationships and structures necessary for collective activity, individuals, families and communities are able torealise some of these benefits, and in doing so can resolve some of the issues they face in common.
【題組】50 In what kind of text would the above passage most likely appear?
(A) A book review in an agriculture magazine. (B) A letter to the editor in a newspaper. (C) A research paper in a social policy journal. (D) A news report in New Zealand. - 【題組】49 According to the passage, what is the main value of social capital?
(A) It provides volunteers with crucial funding for social charity work. (B) It helps a community to share power and resources more equally. (C) It offers a hope for the unemployed people to start their new careers. (D) It enables a community to deal with its problems via joint efforts and actions.
- 【題組】48 According to the passage, what kind of challenge is faced by Westland District?
(A) Forest fires that destroyed hundreds of houses. (B) Loss of the timber industry to agriculture and tourism. (C) Lack of capital to provide free education to the community. (D) Lack of co-ordination among government agencies in saving the environment.
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