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3、19世紀的歐洲是在政治、經濟、社會文化等各層面都發生巨大變化的一個世紀，深深影響著現代國際關係。試以自由主義、資本主義與新帝國主義、以及民族主義在這一時期的發展舉例說明之。
2、1951年在美國舊金山簽署對日和約，我國未獲邀請，原因為何？中日和約在何時何地簽署？雙方簽約代表為何人？內容為何？ 又中日何時斷交？原因為何？試申論之。
1、1900年中國因義和團事變向各國宣戰，俄國趁機進軍中國東三 省。辛丑條約簽署(1901)後至日我戰爭爆發(1904)前這段期間，中俄談判俄軍退出中國東三省情形為何？各階段中俄雙方的立場及雙方談判代表為何？試申論之。
IV. Discourse Analysis
During the period from 1648 to 1780, Europe was not well off everywhere. Famine was the occasional collective crisis in the life of the poor. __1__ Poverty was the normal condition of at least half the people of Europe. Of this mass the more fortunate did certainly live in a reasonably secure way: they were those who had sufficient land, perhaps 15 acres or more, or a regular living wage. __2__ Below those fortunate ones ranged a great many who could slide into the pit of destitution at any time. Because of the lack of realizable assets, debt was a familiar condition everywhere: unlikely to be repaid, usually the start of a progressive decline. __3__ It might be illness or injury to a bread winner, the failure of a crop or the death of a cow – any one such event could be fatal.
There was a tendency to marry later, while a surprisingly high proportion of western European girls, between 10 to 15 percent, did not marry at all. Among the rest, almost half married after the age of 25. __4__ On the other hand, there was generally no understanding of birth control for the poor, though in desperation a couple might practice some voluntary abstinence.
__5__ The prevalence of infanticide has a grim significance. A drain opened in Rennes in the course of rebuilding in 1721 revealed the skeletons of eighty babies suffocated in the first hours of life.
5.(AB) Anyone who possesses neither goods nor chattels is destined to fall into misery at the least accident. (AC) The poor had no reserves, and the third or fourth child was a disaster for many young families. (AD) Nature has way of restoring the precarious balance between people and resources. (AE) As the price of bread soared beyond the earning capacity of the poor, the church began to take over obligations of relief. (BC) This was the key to the rate of child-bearing—the real contraceptive weapon of classical Europe. (BD) Whatever the variants, the essence of the situation was that enough was earned to provide the daily bread.
4.(AB) Anyone who possesses neither goods nor chattels is destined to fall into misery at the least accident. (AC) The poor had no reserves, and the third or fourth child was a disaster for many young families. (AD) Nature has way of restoring the precarious balance between people and resources. (AE) As the price of bread soared beyond the earning capacity of the poor, the church began to take over obligations of relief. (BC) This was the key to the rate of child-bearing—the real contraceptive weapon of classical Europe. (BD) Whatever the variants, the essence of the situation was that enough was earned to provide the daily bread.
3.(AB) Anyone who possesses neither goods nor chattels is destined to fall into misery at the least accident. (AC) The poor had no reserves, and the third or fourth child was a disaster for many young families. (AD) Nature has way of restoring the precarious balance between people and resources. (AE) As the price of bread soared beyond the earning capacity of the poor, the church began to take over obligations of relief. (BC) This was the key to the rate of child-bearing—the real contraceptive weapon of classical Europe. (BD) Whatever the variants, the essence of the situation was that enough was earned to provide the daily bread.
This is a large modal.
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