108年 - [無官方正解]108 國立臺灣大學碩士班招生考試試題：普通生物學(C)#139936

1. Collagen is(A) lipid(B) fibrous protein(C) globular protein(D) carbohydrate

2. All of the following statements about muscle contraction are true EXCEPT;(A) The ends of actin filaments move closer together(B) Calcium-troponin binding precedes actin-myosin binding(C) Calcium-tropomyosin binding precedes actin-myosin binding(D) ATP hydrolysis preceds actin-myosin binding
(E) The length of myosin filaments does not change

3. Which of the following best illustrates homeostasis?(A) Most adult humans are between 5 and 6 feet tall.(B) The lungs and intestines have large surface areas(C) When blood salt concentration goes up, the kidney expels more salt.(D) All the cells of the body are about the same size
(E) When oxygen in the blood decrease, you feel dizzy.

4. Negative-feedback mechanisms are:(A) most often involved in maintaining homeostasis(B) activated only when a variable rises above a set point(C) analogous to a furnace that produces heat(D) involved in contractions during childbirth
(E) found only in birds and mammals

5. The energy content of fats(A) is released by bile salts(B) may be lost unless an herbivore easts some of its feces(C) is more than two times that of carbohydrates or proteins(D) can reverse the effects of malnutrition
(E) Both C and D are correct

6. Which ofthe following is mismatched with its function?(A) most B vitamins - coenzymes(B) Vitamin E- antioxidant(C) Vitamin K - blood clotting(D) Iron - component of thyroid hormones
(E) Phosphorous -bone formation, nucleotide synthesis

7. What is the function of the cilia in the trachea and bronchi?(A) to sweep air into and out of the lungs(B) to increase the surface area for gas exchange(C) to vibrate when air is exhaled to produce sounds(D) to dislodge food that may have slipped past the epiglottis
(E) to sweep mucus with trapped particles up and out of the respiratory tract

8. Which organ receives only oxygenated blood?(A) lung(B) liver(C) spleen(D) gill

9. Which one of the following mammalian cells is not capable of metabolizing glucose to carbon dioxide aerobically?(A) liver cells(B) red blood cells(C) white bold cells (D) un-striated muscle cells

10. If pancreas is removed, the compound which remain undigested is(A) proteins(B) carbohydrates(C) fats(D) all of the above

11. Uric acid is the chief nitrogenous wasters in(A) frog(B) birds(C) fishes(D) man

12. During fasting, in what sequence that are the following organic compounds used up by the body?(A) First fats, next carbohydrates and lastly proteins(B) First carbohydrates, next proteins and last lipids(C) First proteins, next lipids and lastly carbohydrates(D) First carbohydrates, next fats and lastly proteins

13. The functional unit of contractile system in striated muscle is(A) myofibril(B) cross bridges(C) Z band(D) Sarcomere

14. Major cytoskeletal protein in microvilli, filopodia, contractile rings, and growth cones(A) actin(B) tubulin(C) troponin(D) calmodulin
(E) fibronectin

15. What is the name of the iron-containing protein that gives red blood vessel their color? (A) hemocyanin (B) pyrite (C) hemoglobin (D) myoglobin

16. A rise in blood cholesterol may lead to a deposition of cholesterol on the walls of blood vessels. This causes the
arteries to lose their elasticity and get stiffened. This is called:(A) hypertension(B) hypotension(C) arteriosclerosis(D) systolic pressure

17. Cornea transplant in humans is almost never rejected. This is because(A) it is composed of enunleated cells(B) it is a non living layer(C) it has no blood supply(D) its cells are least penetrable by bacteria

18. During the propagate ion of a nerve ion of a nerve impulse, the action potential results from the movement of(A) K⁺ ions from intracellular fluid to extracellular fluid(B) K⁺ ios from extracellular fluid to intracellular fluid(C) Na⁺ ions from extracellular fluid to intracellular fluid(D) Na⁺ ions from intracellular fluid to extracellular fluid

19. Alzheimer's disease in human is associated with the deficiency of(A) dopamine(B) glutamic acid(C) acetylcholine(D) gamma aminobutyric acid

20. The cells responsible for color vision in vertebrates are called(A) rod cells(B) cone cells(C) bipolar cells(D) cupula cells
(E) ampullae

21. Two antagonistic hormones are (A) MSH and TSH (B) calcitonin and parathyroid hormone (C) ADH and GH (D) oxytocin and prolactin

22. Which of the following statements about prostaglandins is true?(A) They are one of the types of target cells(B) They are produced by endocrine glands.(C) They travel throughout the body by circulating in the blood.(D) All of the above are true.
(E) None ofthe above is true.

23. Type I diabetes mellitus is caused by a deficiency of(A) exercise(B) glucagon(C) glucose(D) glycol
(E) insulin

24. Which of the following is an example of an autocrine regulator?(A) insulin(B) prostaglandins(C) nitric oxide(D) all of the above
(E) none of the above

25. Nerve impulses are normally carried toward a neuron cell body by the neuron's(A) Synaptic cleft(B) Axon(C) Hormones(D) Dendrites

1. A genetic mutation can change the amino acid sequence of a protein. How can this destroys the protein's function? (7分)

 (1) What makes rough ER rough? (2分)

(2) Which structure includes all others in the list: smooth ER, endomembrane system, nuclear envelope? (2分)

3. Some archaea are referred to as "extremophiles." Why? (2分)

4. Contrast the slug-like stage of a cellular slime mold with the plasmodium of a plasmodial slime mold. (7分)

5. Please describe how plants defense against pathogens. (15分)

(1) How many groups that fungi can be classified into? (5分)

(2) Please describe the specific characters of fungi in each group. (5分)

(3) Please describe a generalized life cycle of a fungus undergoing both asexual and sexual life cycle.

(1) Please describe the difference between 'recessive disorder' and 'dominant disorder'. (2分)

(2) Please give TWO examples (diseases) and describe their disease-causing mechanisms for each disorder. (8分)

8. Please describe FOUR major sex determination systems in animals based on chromosomes. (8分)

9. How can a signal molecule from one cell alter gene expression in a target cell without even entering the target cell? (2分)

10. Cascades of gene expression and cell-to-cell signaling can direct the development of an animal. Please describe key steps in
the early development of head-tail polarity in a fruit fly. (5分)