108年 - 108 學士後西醫：生物學#79182

1. If a long-day plant has a critical night length of 10 hours, which of the 24-hour cycles would prevent flowering? (A) 16 hours light/8 hours dark (B) 13 hours light/11 hours dark (C) 15 hours light/9 hours dark (D) 4 hours light/8 hours dark/4 hours light/8 hours dark (E) 8 hours light/8 hours dark/light flash/8 hours dark

2. Which of the following species is most likely to be a candidate for geographical isolation? (A) bat (B) land snail (C) squirrel (D) salt-water fish (E) sparrow

3. Which of the following characteristics adds most to vertebrate success in terrestrial environments? (A) the amniotic egg (B) the ability to maintain a constant body temperature (C) two pairs of appendages (D) claws (E) a four-chambered heart

4. Which of the following statements is not true for the prophase I of meiosis? (A) Homologous chromosomes are pairing. (B) Each homologous chromosome consists of two sister chromatids. (C) Each chromosome consists of single strand of DNA. (D) The pairing homologs are joined by the synaptonemal complex. (E) Chiasmata occur between non-sister chromatids.

5. Which cells in a plant root form a protective barrier to the vascular system where all materials must move through the symplast? (A) Cortex (B) Pericycle (C) Epidermis (D) Endodermis (E) Exodermis

6. What are the wavelengths of light that chlorophyll absorbs most strongly? (A) Blue and red (B) Blue and green (C) Green and yellow (D) UV and infrared (E) UV and blue

7. Which statement about human reproduction is correct? (A) Fertilization occurs in the uterus. (B) In humans, spermatogenesis and oogenesis function best at normal, core body temperatures. (C) A human oocyte completes meiosis after a sperm penetrates it. (D) The earliest stages of spermatogenesis are found closest to the lumen of the seminiferous tubule. (E) Sertoli cells produce testosterone under FSH stimulation.

8. Which of the following hormones is the most useful for promoting the growth of the root after plant cuttings? (A) Abscisic acid (B) Auxins (C) Cytokinins (D) Gibberellins (E) Oligosaccharins

9. Given the parents TTEECc × TteeCc, assume simple dominance for each trait and independent assortment. What proportion of the progeny will be expected to phenotypically resemble the first parent (TTEECc)? (A) 1/4 (B) 1/8 (C) 3/4 (D) 3/8 (E) 1

10. A genetic change that caused a certain Hox gene to be expressed along the tip of a vertebrate limb bud instead of further back made possible the evolution of the tetrapod limb. This type of change is an illustration of ________. (A) heterochrony, a change in the timing of developmental events (B) allopolyploidy, an increase in chromosome number (C) paedomorphosis, or retention of ancestral juvenile structures in an adult organism (D) a change in a homeotic developmental gene that altered the spatial organization of body parts (E) allopatric speciation

複選題
11. The conversion of fibrinogen to fibrin ________. (A) occurs when fibrinogen is released from broken platelets (B) occurs within red blood cells (C) is linked with hypertension and may damage artery walls (D) is likely to occur too often in an individual with hemophilia (E) is the final step of a clotting process that involves multiple clotting factors .

12. Which of the following type of leukocyte would play a role as “antigen presenting cells” and trigger the MHC class II mediated immune response? (A) Basophils (B) Eosinophils (C) T lymphocytes (D) Macrophages (E) Neutrophils

13. The components of the endomembrane system of cells don’t include ________. (A) nuclear envelope (B) endoplasmic reticulum (C) vacuoles (D) plasma membrane (E) mitochondrion

14. Which area of the human brain contains the rhythmic breathing control center? (A) Neocortex (B) Hippocampus (C) Thalamus (D) Medulla (E) Cerebellum

15. ________ absorb products of photosynthesis from living host plants. (A) Epiphytes (B) Carnivorous plants (C) Xerophytes (D) Halophytes (E) Parasitic plants

31. Phenylketonuria is an autosomal recessive inheritable disease. If the incidence of the disease is about 1/10000, what is the frequency of the phenylketonuria recessive disease allele (a) and the (Aa) genotype frequency of the person carrying the recessive gene in the population? (A) 0.1% and 0.99% (B) 0.1% and 1.98% (C) 1% and 3.96% (D) 1% and 1.98% (E) 0.1% and 3.198%

複選題
32. Which of the following features belong to the coral? 1. a gastrovascular cavity 2. a polyp stage 3. a medusa stage 4. cnidocytes 5. a pseudocoelom (A) 1 and 4 (B) 2 and 3 (C) 2, 3, and 4 (D) 1, 2, 3, and 4 (E) all five of these

33. What is the correct sequence of the following steps during the human excretory system? (A) excretion → filtration → secretion → reabsorption (B) filtration → reabsorption → secretion → excretion (C) excretion → filtration → reabsorption → secretion (D) excretion → filtration → secretion (E) filtration → excretion → reabsorption → secretion

34. In which of the following conditions, asexual reproduction results in greater reproductive success than does sexual reproduction? (A) When pathogens are rapidly diversifying. (B) When a species has accumulated numerous deleterious mutations. (C) When there is some potential for rapid overpopulation. (D) When a species is expanding into diverse geographic settings. (E) When a species is in stable and favorable environments.

35. Which of the following does not tend to promote speciation? (A) The founder effect (B) Gene flow (C) Natural selection (D) Polyploidy (E) Disruptive selection

36. What is the response a plant would react to an attack from herbivores? (A) Leaf abscission to prevent further loss of tissue. (B) Early flowering to reproduce before being eaten. (C) Production of chemical compounds for defense or to attract predators of the herbivores. (D) Production of physical defenses, such as thorns. (E) Production of thicker bark and cuticle to make it more difficult to eat.

37. A healthy young man ingests a large volume of distilled water and 50 min later a study is undertaken. In which of the following parts in his kidneys would the liquid with the greatest osmolarity be found? (A) Proximal tubule (B) The bottom of the loop of Henle of the cortical nephron (C) The bottom of the loop of Henle of the juxtamedullary nephron (D) Distal tubule of the juxtamedullary nephron (E) The innermost medullary collecting duct

38. Which of following statements about human digestive function is incorrect? (A) When food bolus enters the stomach, gastrin is secreted into the gastric lumen. (B) Secretin released from duodenum inhibits the secretion of gastric juice. (C) CCK released from duodenum stimulates the secretion of pancreatic enzymes. (D) The vagus nerve activates the parietal cells of stomach when a bite of food enters the mouth. (E) Increased sympathetic activity would slow down the motility of digestive tract.

39. Which of the following statements about human respiration is true? (A) Most of the carbon dioxide in the blood is bound to hemoglobin. (B) Increased pH level decreases affinity of hemoglobin for O2 and improves the unloading reaction. (C) At normal systemic venous PO2, about 25% of the hemoglobin is in the form of oxyhemoglobin. (D) Surfactants can increase the surface tension of the lungs. (E) During an unforced exhalation, alveolar pressure is greater than atmospheric pressure.

40. Which event occurs after the first heart sound and before the second heart sound in human cardiac cycle? (A) Ventricular relaxation (B) Aortic systolic pressure (C) AV valves open (D) P wave of the ECG (E) Blood volume in ventricle increases

41. In a neuroscience lab, a student increased the concentration of K+ outside a neuron from 5 mM to 10 mM, while maintaining other ion concentrations as they were. What would happen to the neuron’s membrane potential? (A) The membrane potential would become more negative. (B) The membrane potential would become less negative. (C) The membrane potential would remain the same. (D) The membrane potential would be closer to the K+ equilibrium potential. (E) There would be no potential difference across the membrane.

42. Which of the following is not true about helper T cells? (A) They function in both cell-mediated and humoral immune responses. (B) They bear surface CD4 molecules. (C) They recognize polysaccharide fragments presented by infected cells. (D) They are subject to infection by HIV. (E) When activated, they secrete cytokines that stimulate other lymphocytes.

43. Which of the following statements about vision is not true? (A) Rods are more light-sensitive than cones and are responsible for night vision. (B) Color vision results from the presence of three subclasses of cones in the retina. (C) Perception of visual information takes place in the cerebral cortex. (D) All information from the left eye goes to the right visual cortex and all information from the right eye goes to the left visual brain. (E) The ciliary muscles relax if you look away from this page and focus your eyes on a distant object and the lens is flattened.

44. Which of the following sensory receptors is incorrectly paired with its category? (A) Photoreceptor — rod cell in retina (B) Nociceptor — muscle spindle (C) Chemoreceptor — taste receptor in tongue (D) Mechanoreceptor — hair cell in cochlea (E) Electroreceptor — hair cell in ampulla of Lorenzini

45. Within a few weeks of treatment with the drug 3TC, a patient’s HIV population consists entirely of 3TC-resistant viruses. What is the best explanation? (A) HIV has the ability to change its surface proteins and resist vaccines. (B) The patient must have become reinfected with 3TC-resistant viruses. (C) HIV began making drug-resistant versions of reverse transcriptase in response to the drug. (D) A few drug-resistant viruses were present at the start of treatment, and natural selection increased their frequency. (E) Some viruses developed drug resistance and then passed their function.

46. A founder event favors microevolution in the founding population mainly because ________. (A) mutations are more common in a new environment (B) a small founding population is subject to extensive sampling error in the composition of its gene pool (C) the new environment is likely to be patchy, favoring diversifying selection (D) gene flow increases (E) members of a small population tend to migrate

47. Which of the following descriptions are correct? 1. Green algae — closest relative of green plants 2. Brown algae — includes the largest seaweeds 3. Diatoms — examples of stramenopiles 4. Dinoflagellates — glass, two-part shells 5. Red algae — has no flagellated stages in life cycle (A) 1234 (B) 2345 (C) 1245 (D) 1235 (E) 2345

48. Which of the following is an example of an opportunistic pathogen that can cause a mycosis? (A) Claviceps pururea, which produces ergots on rye that can cause serious symptoms in humans if milled into flour (B) Ophiostoma ulmi, which causes Dutch elin disease (C) the ascomycetes that causes ringworm (D) Candida albicans, which causes vaginal yeast infections (E) the mold Penicillium, an ascomycete that is now grown in liquid culture to produce antibiotics

49. Which of the following hormones is produced by adipose cells that helps to control appetite? (A) Insulin (B) Neuropeptide Y (C) Glucagon (D) Leptin (E) Ghrelin

50. The high osmolarity of the renal medulla is maintained by all of the following except ________. (A) diffusion of salt from the ascending limb of the loop of Henle (B) active transport of salt from the upper region of the ascending limb (C) the spatial arrangement of juxtamedullary nephrons (D) diffusion of urea from the collecting duct (E) diffusion of salt from the descending limb of the loop of Henle .

51. When light strikes the pigment rhodopsin in a rod cell, retinal dissociates from opsin, initiating a signal-transduction pathway that ________. (A) depolarizes the neighboring bipolar cells and initiates an action potential in a ganglion cell (B) depolarizes the rod cell, causing it to release the neurotransmitter glutamate, which excites bipolar cells (C) hyperpolarizes the rod cell, reducing its release of glutamate, which excites some bipolarcells and inhibits others (D) hyperpolarizes the rod cell, reducing its release of glutamate, which excites amacrine cells but inhibits horizontal cells (E) converts cGMP to GMP, opening sodium channels and hyperpolarizing the membrane, causing the rhodopsin to become bleached

52. The transduction of sound waves to action potentials takes place ________. (A) within the tectorial membrane as it is stimulated by the hair cells (B) when hair cells are bent against the tectorial membrane, causing them to depolarized and release neurotransmitter molecules that stimulate sensory neurons (C) as the basilar membrane becomes more and depolarizes, initiating an action potential in a sensory neuron (D) as the basilar membrane vibrates at different frequencies in response to the varying volume of sounds (E) within the middle ear as the vibrations are amplified by the malleus, incus, and stapes

53. Which one of the following hormones could raise the level of basal metabolic rate (BMR)? (A) Calcitonin (B) Thyrocalcitonin (C) Triiodothyronine (D) Dexamethasone (E) Parathyroid hormone

【已刪除】54. Which of the following amino acid and the derivative is not proved to be a neurotransmitter? (A) Glycine (B) Glutamic acid (C) Aspartic acid (D) Gamma-aminobutyric acid (E) Histamine

55. Which of the following chemicals from plants has been using as an indicator to measure the glomerular filtration rate (GFR) in clinical, because it cannot be re-absorbed and secreted in nephron tubules. (A) Creatinin (B) Inulin (C) Digitalis (D) Colchicine (E) Alkaloids

56. Which of the following statements is true? (A) In Crassulacean acid metabolism (CAM) plants, carbon fixation and the Calvin cycle occur in the same cells at different times. The Calvin cycle of CAM plants occurs during the night, so that the Calvin cycle is also named the dark reaction. (B) Pineapples are CAM plants. (C) For C4 plants, the Calvin cycle is mainly carried out in the mesophyll cells. (D) C3 plants are more resistant to drought than C4 plants. (E) Photorespiration occurs when stomata of C3 plants are fully open during the day.

57. Which of the following traits is shared by charophytes and land plants? (A) Alternation of generations (B) Walled spores produced in sporangia (C) Multicellular gametangia (D) Formation of phragmoplast (E) Apical meristems

58. Which of the following statements for characteristics of monocots and eudicots is not true? (A) Veins of monocots are usually parallel; veins of eudicots are usually netlike. (B) Stem vascular tissues of monocots are usually scattered; stem vascular tissues of eudicots are usually arranged in ring. (C) The root system of monocots are usually fibrous (no main root); taproots are usually present in the root system of eudicots. (D) There are three openings on every pollen grain of monocots; there is one opening on every pollen grain of eudicots. (E) Floral organs of monocots are usually in multiples of three; floral organs of eudicots are usually in multiples of four or five.

59. In the process of double fertilization, one sperm nucleus undergoes fusion with the egg nucleus and the other with the _______nuclei. (A) integument (B) polar (C) endosperm (D) funiculus (E) nucellus

複選題
60. Which of the following statements for cellular respiration and photorespiration is false? (A) Both of these two reactions consume O2. (B) CO2 is among the final products of these two reactions. (C) Adenosine triphosphates (ATPs) are consumed in the processes of these two reactions. (D) ATP is among the final products of these two reactions. (E) All vascular plants are able to conduct cellular respiration, while photorespiration mainly happen to C3 plants.

108年 - 108 學士後西醫：生物學#79182

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