10. What is the primary function of the electron transport chain in the thylakoid membrane during light reactions?
(A)Production of glucose
(B) Splitting of water molecules
(C)Synthesis of ATP and NADPH
(D) Fixation of carbon dioxide

6. What distinguishes channels from pumps in the context of membrane transport in plant cells? (A)Channels facilitate passive transport and move substances against their concentration gradient, while pumps are involved in active transport and move substances from higher to lower concentration areas. (B) Channels are involved in active transport and move substances from lower to higher concentration areas, while pumps facilitate passive transport and move substances from higher to lower concentration areas. (C)Channels and pumps perform identical functions, and the terms can be used interchangeably in the context of membrane transport. (D) Channels are passive transport proteins that allow substances to move down their concentration gradient, while pumps are active transport proteins that move substances against their concentration gradient.

7. What is the primary role of an H⁺/sucrose symporter in plant cells? (A)Facilitating the movement of water across the cell membrane (B) Assisting in the transport of sucrose across the cell membrane (C)Pumping protons out of the cell (D) Synthesizing sucrose within the cell

8. How is sucrose transport by an H⁺/sucrose symporter typically energized? (A)Movement of sodium ions (B) Movement of chloride ions (C)Movement of protons (H+ ions) (D) Movement of potassium ions

9. Which part of the chloroplast is primarily responsible for the light reactions of photosynthesis? (A)Stroma (B) Thylakoid membrane (C)Outer membrane (D) Inner membrane

11. During light reactions, what is the byproduct of the process that involves the splitting of water molecules? (A)Carbon dioxide (B) Glucose (C)Oxygen (D) NADPH

12. Which enzyme is responsible for carbon dioxide fixation in the Calvin Cycle? (A)Ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (RuBisCO) (B) ATP synthase (C)NADP reductase (D) Phosphofructokinase

13. What is the final product of the Calvin cycle? (A)Glucose (B) G3P (C)3-PGA (D) RuBP

14. What is the role of oxygen in aerobic respiration? (A)It serves as a substrate in glycolysis. (B) It is directly involved in the production of ATP. (C)It acts as a coenzyme in the citric acid cycle. (D) It is the final electron acceptor in the electron transport chain.

15. Which two organelles produce ATP through chemiosmosis? (A)Chloroplasts and mitochondria (B) Chloroplasts and lysosomes (C)Mitochondria and lysosome (D) Vacuoles and chloroplasts

16. Where does the proton accumulate that drives ATP synthesis through chemiosmosis in cellular respiration? (A)Mitochondrial matrix (B) Intermembrane space of the mitochondria (C)Cytoplasm (D) Nucleus