11. Humoral signals that regulate hormone secretion include_________.

(A) ions, prostaglandins, and metabolites

(B) prostaglandins, metabolites, and minerals

(C) vitamins, metabolites, and minerals

(D) ions, hormones, and metabolites

(E) ions, neurotransmitter, and vitamins

12. Which of the following processes contributes to the uptake of mineral ions by plant roots?(A) chlorosis(B) osmosis(C) cation exchange(D) anion leaching(E) growth of root hairs

13. Which of the following is NOT an example of pattern formation in developing plants?(A) an epidermal cell receiving developmental signals from a cortical cell(B) the loosening of the cell wall to allow the elongation of selected cells to reach mature size(C) regulation by homeotic genes of the position of different flower parts(D) oriented cell division that establishes the shape of an organ(E) cell expansion that directs specific cells to undergo mitosis at a given time and place

14. In the Meselson and Stahl experiment, the DNA in the parental generation was all N¹⁵N¹⁵, and after one round of replication, the DNA was all N¹⁵N¹⁴. What DNAs were seen after three rounds of replication, and in what ratio were they found?(A) one N¹⁵N¹⁴, one N¹⁴N¹⁴(B) one N¹⁵N¹⁴, two N¹⁴N¹⁴(C) one N¹⁵N¹⁴, three N¹⁴N¹⁴(D) one N¹⁵N¹⁴, four N¹⁴N¹⁴(E) one N¹⁵N¹⁴, seven N¹⁴N¹⁴

15. Which of the following statements about DNA replication is FALSE?(A) Synthesis of the new DNA strand is from 3' to 5'.(B) DNA is bidirectional in its synthesis.(C) DNA unwinds, primase adds RNA primer, and DNA polymerases synthesize the new strand and remove the RNA primer.(D) Many initiation points exist in each eukaryotic chromosome.(E) Okazaki fragments are synthesized in the opposite direction from the direction in which the replication fork moves.

16. You are breathing in oxygen and breathing out carbon dioxide. Most of the carbon dioxide arises from(A) glucose in glycolysis.(B) NAD⁺ redox reactions in the mitochondrial matrix(C) NADH redox reactions on the inner mitochondrial membrane.(D) FADH₂ in the electron transfer system.(E) the oxidation of pyruvate, isocitrate, and α-ketoglutarate in the citric acid cycle.

17. Which of the following statements about proteins is correct?(A) Proteins are transported to the rough ER for use within the cell.(B) Lipids and carbohydrates are added to proteins by the Golgi apparatus.(C) Proteins are transported directly into cytosol for secretion from the cell.(D) Proteins that are to be stored by the cell are moved to rough ER.(E) Proteins are synthesized in vesicles.

18. In living systems,(A) proteins rarely combine with other macromolecules.(B) proteins are composed of 20 amino acids.(C) enzymes are not always proteins.(D) chaperonins inhibit protein movement.(E) a protein domain refers to the place in the cell where proteins are synthesized and function.

19. Which of the following does NOT help systematists determine whether a morphological character state is ancestral or derived?(A) outgroup comparison(B) patterns of embryonic development(C) studies of the fossil record(D) studies of the character in more related species(E) dating of the character by molecular clocks

20. If the genotype frequencies in a population are 0.60 AA, 0.20 Aa, and 0.20 aa, and if the requirements of the Hardy-Weinberg principle apply, the genotype frequencies in the offspring generation will be(A) 0.60 AA, 0.20 Aa, 0.20 aa(B) 0.36 AA, 0.60 Aa, 0.04 aa(C) 0.49 AA, 0.42 Aa, 0.09 aa(D) 0.70 AA, 0.00 Aa, 0.30 aa(E) 0.64 AA, 0.32 Aa, 0.04 aa

a. Which of the following statements is the most likely explanation for the effect of BTX on the squid giant axon? (2%) (A) Inactivation of Na+/K+ pump (B) Closing of sodium channels (C) Opening of sodium channels (D) Opening of potassium channels

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