11. Which of the following structures present in the embryos of higher plants develops into the primary root of the seedling?
(A) radicle
(B) hypocotyl
(C) cotyledon
(D) epicotyl

12. What is the plant hormone that is produced in roots and promotes the attraction of mycorrhizal fungi to the root? (A) brassinosteroids (B) jasmonates (C) strigolactones (D) abscisic acid

13. Which pairs of structures have the same function and purpose of adherence in bacteria? (A) slime layer, cell wall (B) capsule, fimbriae (C) flagella, fimbriae (D) capsule, cell wall

14. “chicken pox” disease is caused by a virus that is (A) the virus also causes shingles (B) an animal virus (C) in the family of cowpox and smallpox (D) all of the above

15. Which of the following pigments is directly involved in light absorption during photosynthesis? (A) chlorophyll a (B) chlorophyll b (C) chlorophyll c (D) carotenoid

16. Which of following members of the SAR supergroup is CORRECTLY paired with its clade? (A) Stramenopiles-brown algae (B) Alveolates-Plasmodium (C) Alveolates-trichomonas (D) Stramenopiles-green algae

17. From the examples of ground squirrels, honeybees and mole rats, those animals have a common behavior. (A) foraging behavior (B) learning behavior (C) altruistic behavior (D) cognition behavior

18. Which Toll-like receptors (TLRs) is specifically responsible for recognizing double-stranded RNA (dsRNA), a molecular pattern characteristic of certain viruses? (A) TLR4 (B) TLR5 (C) TLR3 (D) TLR9

19. Comparing the circulatory systems of vertebrates, which statement regarding "double circulation" is CORRECT? (A) In amphibians, oxygen-poor blood flows through the pulmonary circuit only. (B) In reptiles, a complete septum always divides the ventricle into two separate chambers. (C) Double circulation maintains lower blood pressure in the organs compared to single circulation. (D) In amphibians, the pulmocutaneous circuit allows for gas exchange through both the lungs and the skin.

20. Which of the following describes the correct sequence of electrical impulses in the mammalian heart? (A) AV node → SA node → Purkinje fibers → Bundle branches. (B) SA node → AV node → Bundle branches → Purkinje fibers. (C) AV node → Bundle branches → AV node → Purkinje fibers. (D) SA node → AV node → Purkinje fibers → Bundle branches.

21. How do diving mammals adapt to stay underwater for extended periods without breathing? (A) They have a low blood-to-body volume ratio to conserve energy. (B) They store massive amounts of O2 in their lungs before diving. (C) They utilize myoglobin proteins to store oxygen in their muscles and route blood only to vital tissues. (D) They increase their heart rate and metabolic rate to process O2 faster.

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