12. A C4 plant minimizes photorespiration by
(A) stomata that are only opened at night, storing carbon dioxide in malate, and releasing carbon dioxide during the day.
(B)having the light reactions and carbon reactions occur in different cells, so oxygen does not come into contact with rubisco.
(C) having the light reactions and carbon reactions occur in different cells, so carbon dioxide does not come into contact with rubisco.
(D) stomata that are only opened at night, storing oxygen in malate, and releasing oxygen during the day.

8. Cellular respiration produces the most energy in the form of ATP from which of the following? (A) glycolysis (B)the citric acid cycle (C) production of lactate (D) substrate-level phosphorylation (E)oxidative phosphorylation

9. A green plant is first grown in blue light and then in green light. The likely outcome for photosynthesis in both phases is (A) Decreased plant growth in blue light and no plant growth in green light. (B)No plant growth in blue light and increased plant growth in green light. (C) No plant growth in blue light and decreased plant growth in green light. (D) Increased plant growth in blue light and no plant growth in green light.

10. Mutations that inhibit the function of photosystem I but not photosystem II would result in a plant cell that could still generate _____.(A) O2, ATP, and (B)ATP and (C) O2, ATP, and NADPH (D) ATP and NADPH (E)CO2 and ATP

11. When Calvin injected 14C labeled CO2 into cultures of green algae, what led him to conclude that rubisco adds CO2 to ribulose bisphosphate in the Calvin cycle? (A) Radioactivity appeared last in ribulose bisphosphate. (B)Radioactivity first appeared in ribulose bisphosphate. (C) Radioactivity appeared last in glucose. (D) Radioactivity first appeared in 3-phosphoglycerate. (E)Radioactivity appeared last in 3-phosphoglycerate.

複選題13. Which of the following statements about eukaryotic cell is true? (A) If a cell contains 20 chromosomes in G1 phase, it will contain 40 chromosomes at the end of S phase. (B)During prometaphase, the sister chromatids organize into a single row in the center of the cell. (C) One major difference between metaphase I and metaphase II is the presence or absence of bivalents. (D) Sister chromatids are produced during mitosis. (E)If environmental conditions are favorable during the G1 phase, G1 cyclins are degraded causing the cell to prepare to replicate its DNA.

14. In goats, the gene for coat color is on an autosome and light brown color is dominant to black. A light brown male is mated to a black female, producing a black kid (baby goat). If they produce another kid, could it be light brown? If so, what are the chances of it being light brown? (A) No, since the black allele is present all offspring will be black. (B)Yes, 100% since the first kid was black the next one has to be light brown. (C) Yes, 75% since light brown is dominant. (D) Yes, 50% as the male must be heterozygous for color.

15. Which of the following is not accurate regarding the Bicoid protein? (A) Bicoid protein is a molecule that determines fly tail. (B)A homozygote with bicoid gene mutation can develop normally if its mother is normal. (C) Bicoid gene is transcribed by nurse cells during oogenesis. (D) Bicoid protein activates genes when it reaches a concentration threshold.

16. Alternative RNA splicing _____. (A) can allow the production of proteins of different sizes and functions from a single gene (B)can allow the production of similar proteins from different RNAs (C) is a mechanism for increasing the rate of transcription (D) is due to the presence or absence of particular ribosomal proteins

17. Which of the following is the first event to take place in translation in eukaryotes? (A) Base pairing of activated methionine-tRNA to AUG of the messenger RNA (B)Covalent bonding between the first two amino acids (C) The small subunit of the ribosome recognizes and attaches to the 5' cap of mRNA (D) Binding of the larger ribosomal subunit to smaller ribosomal subunits

複選題18. Which of the following statements is true? (A) As part of the transcriptional unit, regulatory sequences are the sites where RNA polymerase and transcription factors bind to regulate transcription. (B)All enzymes are proteins. (C) tRNA contains the genetic code for producing a polypeptide. (D) The termination of translation occurs when a release factor recognizes the stop codon. (E)A single gene always encodes an enzyme.