12. A seed develops from an
(A) ovum
(B) embryo
(C) ovule
(D) ovary
(E) oviduct

8. The evolution of complex multicellularity in eukaryotes (A) occurred only once, in the common ancestor of all eukaryotes. (B) occurred only once, in the common ancestor of all multicellular eukaryotes. (C) occurred only once, in the animal lineage. (D) occurred independently in several eukaryotic lineages. (E) no evidence to support any of above statements.

9. Among the organisms listed here, which are thought to be the closest relatives of fungi? (A) slime molds (B) vascular plants (C) animals (D) mosses (E) archaea

10. The innermost layer of the root cortex is the (A) Core (B) pericycle (C) endodermis (D) pith (E) epidermis

11. Compared with a cell with few aquaporin proteins in its membrane, a cell containing many aquaporin proteins will have a (A) faster rate of osmosis (B) lower water potential (C) higher water potential (D) faster rate of active transport (E) both A and B are correct

13. If a long-day plant has a critical night length of 9 hours, which 24-hour cycle would prevent flowering? (A) 16 hours light/8 hours dark (B) 14 hours light/10 hours dark (C) 4 hours light/8 hours dark/4 hours light/8 hours dark (D) 8 hours light/8 hours dark/light flash/8 hours dark (E) all of above are flowering

14. Many endotherms use a countercurrent exchange system to conserve heat. How does this function? (A) Heat is transferred from arteries to veins against a thermal gradient. (B) Heat is transferred from veins to arteries against a thermal gradient. (C) Heat is transferred from arteries to veins along a thermal gradient. (D) Heat is transferred from veins to arteries along a thermal gradient. (E) Heat is transferred either from-veins-to-arteries or from-arteries-to-veins, as long as it is along a thermal gradient.

15. After surgical removal of the gallbladder, a person might need to limit his or her dietary intake of (A) protein (B) fat (C) sugar (D) starch (E) cellulose

16. Which of the following respiratory system is not closely associated with the blood supply? (A) the lung of a vertebrate (B) the gills of a fish (C) the tracheal system of an insect (D) the skin of an earthworm (E) none of above

17. Which of the following should be the same in identical twins? (A) the set of antibodies produced (B) the set of MHC molecules produced (C) the set of T cell antigen receptors produced (D) the set of fingerprints for each person (E) the set of immune cells eliminated as self-reactive

18. Contact of a sea urchin egg with signal molecules on sperm causes the egg to undergo a brief _. (A) mitosis (B) membrane depolarization (C) spermatogenesis (D) acrosomal reaction (E) endocytosis