12. Which of the following is NOT a difference between aerobic respiration and photosynthesis?
(A) Function of the electron transport chain
(B) Site of the process
(C) Energy source for phosphorylation
(D) General type of redox process
(E) Role of O₂

8. If a water molecule entered a mature root at the root surface, it would cross what tissues, in their correct order, on its way to the center? (A) Epidermis, endodermis, cortex, phloem, xylem (B) Epidermis, cortex, pericycle, endodermis, phloem, xylem (C) Cortex, endodermis, phloem, pericycle, xylem (D) Epidermis, cortex, endodermis, pericycle, phloem, xylem (E) Endodermis, epidermis, cortex, pericycle, phloem, xylem

9. It is likely that asexual reproduction would be more advantageous to a species than sexual reproduction under what conditions? (A) A rare late spring frost (B) An unusually severe summer drought (C) A stable climate (D) Global warming (E) Introduction of a fungal disease

10. Many organisms are oogamous and produce: (A) small, motile sperm cells and large, nonmotile egg cells. (B) large, motile sperm cells and small, nonmotile egg cells. (C) sperm and egg cells that are the same size and are both motile. (D) small, motile sperm cells and large, motile egg cells. (E) small, nonmotile sperm cells and large, nonmotile egg cells.

11. To promote plant growth, lights called grow lights should produce light enriched in what wavelengths? (A) Red and green (B) Red and blue (C) Yellow and blue (D) Blue and violet (E) Orange and violet

13. Water moves from the soil into the xylem of a root via: (A) diffusion. (B) diffusion and osmosis. (C) active transport. (D) membrane vesicles. (E) translocation.

14. The conversion of N2 into ammonia is called: (A) nitrogen reduction. (B) nitrate reduction. (C) nitrogen assimilation. (D) denitrification. (E) nitrogen fixation.

15. Which of the following about chloroplasts and mitochondria is incorrect? (A) They are of the appropriate size to be the descendants of bacteria. (B) They contain circular DNA not associated with histones. (C) They contain their own genome and produce all proteins they need. (D) Their ribosomes are more similar to those of bacteria than to those of eukaryotes. (E) Their membranes have enzymes and transport systems that resemble those in the plasma membrane of prokaryotes.

16. What is the appropriate order for oxidation of glucose to CO2, H2O and ATP? 1. convert pyruvate to acetyl CoA 2. electron-transport chain 3. citric acid cycle 4. oxidative-phosphorylation 5. glycolysis (A) 51324 (B) 35142 (C) 14523 (D) 31425 (E) 41352

17. If we use as a radioactive tracer to track the carbon transition, which one of the following molecule could be incorporated in the last reaction of Calvin cycle? (A) Glucose (B) Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate (G3P) (C) Ribulose biphosphate (RuBP) (D) 1,3-biphosphoglycerate (1,3-BPG) (E) 3-phosphoglycerate (3PG)

複選題18. Which of the following statements is true? (A) In Crassulacean acid metabolism (CAM) plants, carbon fixation and the Calvin cycle occur in the same cells at different times. The Calvin cycle of CAM plants occurs during the night, so that the Calvin cycle is also named the dark reaction. (B) Pineapples are CAM plants. (C) For C4 plants, the Calvin cycle is mainly carried out in the mesophyll cells. (D) C4 plants are less resistant to drought than C3 plants. (E) Photorespiration occurs when stomata of C3 plants are fully open during the day.