12. Which of these characteristics contributed the most to vertebrate success in relatively dry environments?
(A) the ability to maintain a constant body temperature
(B) the shelled, amniotic egg
(C) two pairs of appendages
(D) four-chambered heart
(E) greater speed of locomotion

8. There is a mutated flower that only contains sepals and petals. According to ABC model for floral development, which type of identity genes is mutated? (A)onlyB(B) only C (C)Aand B(D)Band C (E) A and C

9. The major difference between a typical C4 plant and a C3 plant, is that (A) The C3 plant has a smaller opening of stomata, so that less CO2 can enter the plant. (B) The C4 plant only uses PEP carboxylase to catalyze all carbon fixation. (C) Rubisco in C4 plant has a high binding affinity to CO2 than that in the C3 (D) The carbon fixation rate in C4 plants is always higher than C3 under various growth temperatures. (E) The C4 plant only carries out the Calvin cycle only in the chloroplasts of bundle-sheath cells.

複選題10. Motor proteins require which of the following structures or molecules to function in the movement of chromosomes toward the poles of the mitotic spindle? (A)intact centromeres (B) ATP as an energy source (C) kinetochores (D) a microtubule-organizing center (E) taxol plant.

11. Which of the following amino acids are most frequently phosphorylated by protein kinases in the cytoplasm during signal transduction? (A)tyrosine (B) glycine and histidine (C) serine and threonine (D) glycine and glutamic acid(E) methionine and cysteine

13. Resting potential is mostly dependent on which two of the following ionchannels?1. Na+/K+ pumps; 2. voltage-gated Nat and K+ channels;3. ligand-gated Nat and K+ channels; 4. voltage-gated Ca2+ channels5. Nat and K+ leak channels (A)1 and 2 (B) 1 and 3(C) 1 and 5(D) 2 and 3(E) 4 and 5

複選題14. Which of the following descriptions is true for the taste receptors? (A) There are four major types of taste receptors. (B) Different types of taste receptors are confined and located in a specialized region of the tongue. (C) One taste bud contains at least one sensory receptor cell. (D) Taste buds consist of sensory cells that function as mechanoreceptors. (E) There are two main types of taste receptors.

15. The mature leaves of tomato plants that I grew in my backyard turn dark purple. What kind of mineral nutrients you should fertilize the plant in order to recover the green color? (A)iron (B) nitrogen (C) phosphate (D) potassium (E) calcium

16. The slow block to polyspermy during fertilization are dependent on (A) the entrance of potassium ions into the egg (B) the departure of sodium ions from the egg (C) the entrance of calcium ions into the egg (D)the departure of bydrogen ions from the egg (E) the entrance of chloride ions into the egg

17. Crossing over of chromosomes normally takes place during which of the following processes? (A) meiosis II (B) meiosis I (C) metaphase (D) mitosis(E) prometaphase

18. Cellular respiration (A) occurs only in animal cells because plants carry on photosynthesis (B) is the reverse process of photosynthesis (C)occurs at the same rate throughout all cells of the body (D) is the mechanism that living organisms use to convert glucose intoenergy (E) is the only cellular mechanism that yields ATP