12.What is an example of exaptation?
(A) Some insects do not develop wings when resources are plentiful.
(B) Human middle ear bones are derived from ancestral gill arch tissue.
(C) Wings of bats and wings of birds are homologous.
(D) Mutation rates can increase at higher temperatures.
(E) Mutation rates can change at various times.

8. What results from conjugation between a bacterium that lacks an F factor (F−) and a bacterium that has an F factor on its chromosome (F+)? (A) The F− bacterium ends up carrying one or more plasmids from the F+ bacterium； the F+ bacterium is unchanged. (B) The F+ bacterium ends up with a recombinant chromosome that carries some genes from the F− bacterium, and the F− bacterium ends up with an unaltered chromosome. (C) The F+ bacterium ends up with a recombinant chromosome that carries some genes from the F− bacterium, and the F− bacterium ends up with a chromosome that lacks those genes. (D) The F− bacterium ends up with a recombinant chromosome that carries some genes from the F+ bacterium, and the F+ bacterium ends up with an unaltered chromosome. (E) The F+ bacterium ends up with a recombinant chromosome that carries some genes from the F− bacterium, and the F+ bacterium ends up with an unaltered chromosome.

9. Below are three statements. Which choice properly matches the statements with the correct biological processes?I. This occurs in the nucleus of eukaryotic cells with DNA polymerase.II. Transfer RNAs bind amino acids in the cytoplasm.III. An RNA polymerase enzyme is required.(A) I: replication； II: translation； III: transcription(B) I: translation； II: translation； III: replication(C) I: transcription； II: translation； III: translation(D) I: replication； II: transcription； III: replication(E) I: replication； II: transcription； III: transcription

10. Speciation without geographic isolation is called ________ speciation. (A) convergent (B) allopatric (C) incomplete (D) diversifying (E) sympatric

11.The process through which species not closely related may come to resemble one another if they live in a similar environment is known as (A) coevolution. (B) homology. (C) convergent evolution. (D) paedomorphosis. (E) diversified

13. The largest group of prokaryotes is the ________, which obtain both energy and carbon from ________. (A) autotrophs； inorganic molecules (B) chemoautotrophs； decaying organic material (C) chemoheterotrophs； organic molecules (D) photoautotrophs； light (E) chemoautotrophs； organic material

14. Evidence for similarities between Archaea and Eukarya includes the (A) absence of introns from genes in both groups. (B) fact that both contain circular DNA without histones. (C) presence of peptidoglycan in the cell walls of both groups. (D) fact that both have several kinds of relatively complex RNA polymerases. (E) absence of cell wall in both groups.

15. ________ are toxic proteins secreted by pathogenic bacteria, and ________ are toxic components of the outer membrane of gram-negative bacteria. (A) Endotoxins； parasites (B) Endotoxins； botulinum toxins (C) Exotoxins； enterotoxins (D) Exotoxins； endotoxins (E) Endotoxins； enterotoxins

16. Plasmodium, the organism that causes malaria, is a(n) (A) amoeba. (B) stramenopile. (C) ciliate. (D) alveolate. (E) excavate.

17. Which option correctly represents the most likely sequence of the evolution of plants, from earliest to most recent? (A) bryophytes, seedless vascular plants, gymnosperms, angiosperms (B) seedless vascular plants, bryophytes, angiosperms, gymnosperms (C) bryophytes, seedless vascular plants, angiosperms, gymnosperms (D) bryophytes, gymnosperms, seedless vascular plants, angiosperms (E) bryophytes, angiosperms, seedless vascular plants, gymnosperms

18. Which structure is found in angiosperms but not gymnosperms? (A) root (B) spores (C) seeds (D) ovule (E) fruit