13. What is the function of reverse transcriptase in retroviruses?
(A) It uses viral RNA as a template for making complementary RNA strands.
(B) It uses viral RNA as a template for DNA synthesis.
(C) It uses host cell RNA as a template for viral DNA synthesis.
(D) It translates viral RNA into capsid proteins.

9. A drug that interferes with microtubule formation is likely to completely disrupt _______ . (A) the amoeboid movement of a cell. (B) the function of lysosomes (C) contraction of muscle cells (D) the movements of sperm cells

複選題10. Which of the following scenarios describes an example of epistasis? (A) Albino corn snake result from animals having recessive genotypes for each of two genes. (B) In many mammals one genotype (ee) prevents any fur color from developing. (C) In fruit flies white eyes can be due alleles of a gene on the X chromosome or a combination of other genes. (D) In cacti (仙人掌),there several genes control the type of spines.

11. If, on average, 48% of the loci in a species' gene pool are heterozygous, then the average homozygosity of the species should be _______ . (A) 24% (B)48% (C) 26% (D) 52%

12. The Casparian strip of the endodermis stops water from the _______ before it reaches the stele. (A) symplastic pathway only (B) transmembrane and symplastic pathways (C) transmembrane pathway only (D) apoplastic pathway only

14. Under what conditions do photosynthesis and cellular respiration occur in plants? (A) Photosynthesis and cellular respiration occur oniy in the light (B) Photosynthesis occurs only in the light, and cellular respiration occurs only in the dark. (C) Photosynthesis occurs only in the light, and cellular respiration occurs in both the dark and the light. (D) Photosynthesis and cellular respiration occur in both the light and the dark.

15. What would be the expected effect on C3 and C4 plants if the atmospheric CO2 concentration was doubled? (A) All plants would have faster growth rates. (B) C3 plants would have faster growth rates； C4 plants would be minimally affected. (C) C4 plants would have faster growth rates； C3 plants would be minimally affected. (D) C3 plants would have faster growth rates； C4 plants would have slower growth rates.

16. Aquaporins _______ . (A) allow water to cross the plasma membrane along its concentration gradient (B) allow water to cross the plasma membrane against its concentration gradient (C) allow for the active transport of water (D) are found in all cells

17. Which of the following are the male gametophytes in flowering plants? (A) stamens (B) shoot parts bearing male flowers (C) pollen grains (D) anthers

18. Which of the following best describes double fertilization in flowering plants? (A) Flowers must be pollinated twice to yield both fruits and seeds. (B) One sperm fertilizes the egg, and a second sperm fertilizes both polar nuclei. (C) The egg of the embryo sac is diploid. (D) Two sperms are needed to fertilize the egg.

19. The following steps occur during a plant's response to drought stress.I) ABA accumulates in the leaves II) stomata closeIII) transpiration decreasesIV) guard cell potassium channels openWhich of the following places the steps in the correct sequence to represent the acquisition of droughttolerance in the plant?(A) I, II. Ill, and IV (B) I, IV, II, and 111 (C) II, I, III. and IV (D) IV, I, II, and III