13. The umami receptor in the sense of taste detects
(A) glucose;
(B) sodium ions;
(C) potassium ions;
(D) hydrogen ions;
(E) the amino acid glutamate

[2pt] 1. Which of the following statements about the plant cell wall is the most incorrect?(A) It provides mechanical support and restricts changes in cell shapе.(B) It allows plant cells to rapidly migrate, like animal cells, to form organs.(C) It influences the direction of cell expansion and contributes to organ morphogenesis.(D) It can support intercellular communication through plasmodesmata.(E) The cell wall can participate in cell-to-cell signaling by serving as a platform for signaling molecules and receptors.

[2pt] 2. In a cross-section of a vascular bundle, Tissue X contains large hollow cells with thickened walls and no cytoplasmic contents. Tissue Y contains living conductingcells with associated small nucleated cells. Tissue X and Tissue Y are most likely:(A) Tissue X = phloem, Tissue Y = xylem(B) Tissue X = cortex, Tissue Y = epidermis(C) Tissue X = xylem, Tissue Y = phloem(D) Tissue X = cambium, Tissue Y = cork

[2pt] 3. Long-distance transport in phloem is best explained by:(A) tension-driven flow caused by leaf transpiration(B) diffusion driven by random molecular motion(C) buik flow driven by hydrostatic pressure differences between source and sink(D) active transport of sucrose through xylem vessels

[2pt] 4. Which of the following best explains why plants can exhibit high developmental plasticity?(A) Plant cells can freely migrate to rearrange germ layers.(B) Plant development is independent of environmental conditions.(C) Plants lack signaling systems.(D) Plant organ formation relies mainly on the orientation of cell division and patterns of cell expansion, rather than cell migration.

5. [2pt] 5.1 The figure shows a pair of guard cells with an open stomatal pore. Which condition best explains this state? (A) Guard cells have low (more negative) solute potential (Us), water enters guard cells, and the stomata open. (B) Guard cells have high (less negative) solute potential ('s), water leaves guard cells, and the stomata open. (C) Guard cells have high (less negative) water potential (Ww) than surrounding cells, so water exits guard cells and the stomata open. (D) Guard cells have low (more negative) pressure potential (p), which directly forces the stomatal pore to open.

[2pt] 5.2 Which of the following changes would most directly promote the stomatal state shown in the figure?(A) ABA signaling increases, triggering ion efflux from guard cells.(B) K+ uptake into guard cells increases, leading to water influx.(C) Sugar unloading from phloem into guard cells decreases, lowering s.(D) CO2 concentration inside the leaf increases, triggering stomatal opening

[2pt] 6. Under drought stress, which sequence best represents the early events leading to stomatal closure?(A) Water loss → guard cell turgor ↑→ stomata open → АВА ↑(B) АВА ↑→ ion efflux from guard cells → guard cell turgor↓→ stomata close(C) Photosynthesis↑ sugar ↑→guard cell turgor ↑→ stomata close(D) Root pressure ↑→ xylem pressure ↑→ stomata close

[2pt] 7. Which statement best reflects a typical feature of plant hormone signaling? (A) Each hormone triggers a single, specific physiological response across all tissues. (B) A hormone always produces the same transcriptional response regardless of environmental conditions. (C) Hormone action is independent of dosage; only presence/absence matters. (D) Plant hormones act only locally and cannot function as systemic signals. (E)The same hormone can produce different outcomes depending on tissue type, developmental stage, and receptor/signaling context.

[2pt] 9. Based on the figure, which statement best explains shoot phototropism?   (A) Auxin accumulates on the lit side, increasing cell division, causing bending((B) Auxin accumulates on the shaded side, increasing cell elongation, causing bending toward light. ((C) Auxin accumulates on the lit side, increasing cell elongation, causing bending toward light. ((D) Auxin is evenly distributed, and bending is caused mainly by cell division differences. ((E) Auxin accumulates on the shaded side, decreasing cell elongation, causing bending.

[2pt] 10.Which of the following is LEAST likely to be a direct cause of high developmental plasticity in plants (e.g., changes inroot system architecture)?(A) Changes in the orientation of cell division(B) Changes in the rate and direction of cell elongation(C) Large-scale migration of cells to new positions(D) Integrated regulation by hormonal and nutrient signaling(E) Changes in meristem activity leading to altered organ initiation patterns

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