13. Which one of the following is NOT the substrate of carbamoy! phosphate synthetase II (CPS-II)?
(A) ATP.
(B) H₂O,
(C)
(D) qlutamine.
(E) .

14. What is the coenzyme responsible for the addition of two single carbon in purine biosynthesis? (A) biotin. (B) SAM. (C)THF. (D) TPP. (E) none of the above.

15. During the fasting or starvation, the brain will (A) convert endogenous fatty acids into B-hydroxybutyrate. (B) utilize B-hydroxybutyrate from the blood stream. (C)utilize its glycogen stores as a first responding source of fuel. (D) utilize amino acids for fuel from degradation of brain protein. (E) all of the above.

16. The pH of a blood sample is 7.4, while gastric juice is pH 1.4. Which of the following is true?  1) the [H+] in the blood sample is higher than in the gastric juice  2) the difference of [H+] between the gastric juice and the blood sample is one million times 3) the [H+] in a blood sample is lower than in the gastric juice  4) the difference of [H+] between the gastric juice and the blood sample is 5.29 times ) the difference of [H+] between the gastric juice and the blood sample is 6000 times (A) 1,4 (B) 3,5 (C)2,3 (D) 1, (E) 3,4

17. What is the amino acid sequence of the following peptide starting from the N-terminal end? (A) KDS (B) RDT (C)SDGR (D) RGDS (E) KGDS

18. Which of the following type of mutations is correctly defined? (A) silent: change of a single base in the non-coding region of a gene (B) missense: substitution of a single base results in a premature stop codon (C) nonsense: substitution of a single base results in a complete change of amino acid sequence (D) frameshift: deletion of a single base results in a single amino acid change (E) none of the above

19. An enzyme-catalyzed reaction was carried out with the substrate concentration initially a thousand times greater than the Km for that substrate. After 12 minutes, 1% of the substrate had been to product, and the amount of product formed in the reaction mixture was 20 a separate experiment, 30 % as much enzyme and twice as much substrate had been combined, how long would it take for the same amount of product to be formed? (A) 6 min (B) 12 min (C)40 min (D) 18 min (E) 4 min

20. About DNA replication in eukaryotic cells, which of the following statement is correct? 1) There are multiple replication origins. 2) Two strands of the DNA are replicated independently  3) DNA could only be synthesized in a 5' to 3' direction 4)Semi-conservative replication describes that two DNA copies in diploid cells ar separately. 5) Misincorporation of ribonucleotides during replication is possible. (A) 1,3,5 (B) 2,3,4 (C)1,2,3 (D) 1,3 (E) All of the above

21. Post-ranslational modifications are critical for the regulation of biological processes. Which of the followings are the examples of post-translational modifications of proteins? 1) activation of pro-caspase 3 to caspase 3  2) converting PIP2 to PIP3 by PI3 kinase  3) activation of protein kinase A by cAMP  4) activating NF-kb through Ikb kinase  5) epigenetic regulation by histone codes (A) 1,3,4,5 (B) 1,2,4,5 (C)1,4, 5 (D) 2,3,4 (E) All of the above

22. The Crispr/Cas9 is the approach using DNA damage and repair to modify the genomic DNA. Select the type of DNA damage and the type of repair mechanism involved in this approach. 1) single-strand breakage, 2) double-strand breakage, 3) DNA adduct, 4) inter-strand crosslinking, 5) gap-filling, 6) homologous recombination, 7) nucleotide excision repair, 8) base excision repair, 9) non- homologous end joining (A)1,6(B)  2,5(C)  3,7 (D) 4.9 (E) None of the above

23. Which of the following is known to be involved in transcription initiation by eukaryotic RNA polymerase II? 1) DNA helicase activity 2) DNA polymerase activity 3) Formation of an open complex 4) Protein binding to specific DNA sequences 5) Protein phosphorylation (A) 1,2,3,4 (B) 2,3,4,5 (C)1,3,4 (D) 13,4,5 (E) All of the above 

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