14. What are the sex(s) of the model organism nematode worm, Caenorhabditis elegans?
(A) Male and female.
(B) Male and hermaphrodites.
(C) Female and hermaphrodites.
(D) Only hermaphrodites.
(E) Male and female and hermaphrodites.

10. Artemisinin, isolated from the Chinese medicinal herb Artemisia annua, is an active ingredient to treat malaria. Which of the following descriptions is NOT correct? (A) Malaria is caused by Plasmodium sp. that proliferate in female Anopheles mosquitoes (B) Artemisinin originates from A. annua, a Chinese medicinal plant (Qinghao), commonly known as sweet wormwood. NT (C) Artemisinin is a sesquiterpene lactone with a unique endoperoxide structure that is mainly chemically synthesized for global supply. (D) Plant tissue culture has been investigated to establish a production of artemisinin. (E) Artemisinin can be produced heterologously in the plants Nicotiana benthamiana.

11. What is NOT correct about testosterone? (A) Binding to the androgen receptor. (B) Expressed in both sexes. (C) Affecting male aggression and reproduction. (D) Released from the testes and pituitary gland. (E) Acting as a precursor of estrogen.

12. In animal physiology, when differentiating between roundworms, annelids, and snakes, which characteristics could you use? (A) Radial symmetry and dorsal nerve cord. (B) Radial symmetry and worm-like body shape. (C) Segmentation and dorsal nerve tube. (D) Segmentation and bilateral symmetry. (E) Pseudocoelom and ventral nerve cord.

13. Which of the following is not a result of sexual selection? (A) Sexual dimorphism. (B) Infanticide. (C) Male competition. (D) Altruism. (E) Female choice.

15. Most aquatic animals primarily excrete nitrogenous wastes as: (A) Ammonia. (B) Urea. (C) Uric acid. (D) Creatinine. (E) Nitrogen.

16. Which ion serves as the primary signal responsible for neurotransmitter release at the axon terminal and has been widely used to reflect neural activity?(A) Potassium efflux.(B) Sodium efflux.(C) Sodium influx.(D) Calcium efflux. (E) Calcium influx.

17. What is the primary factor enabling the rapid conduction of action potentials in the giant axons of squids? (A) Myelination. (B) Low threshold. (C) Increased sodium channels. (D) Multiple axons. (E) Large diameter.

18. Which receptor directly mediates the transmission of nerve impulses at the neuromuscular junction? (A) Nicotinic receptor. (B) Muscarinic receptor. (C) α Adrenergic receptor. (D) β Adrenergic receptor. (E) Orexin receptor.

19. What are the two neurohormones primarily released by magnocellular neurosecretory cells at the posterior pituitary? (A) Thyroxine and insulin. (B) Vasopressin and oxytocin. (C) Cortisol and adrenaline. (D) Growth hormone and prolactin. (E) Follicle-stimulating hormone and Luteinizing hormone.

20. The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2014 was awarded for the discovery of place and grid cells, which are responsible for: (A) Circadian rhythm. (B) Special navigation. (C) CAT T cell therapy. (D) Spinal cord development (E) Cardiac regeneration