16. Which of the following best describes the function of the sigma subunit of the RNA polymerase in E. coli?
(A) It is required for transcriptional termination.
(B) It is required for elongation of the RNA transcript.
(C) It increases the accessibility of RNA polymerase to any DNA template.
(D) It is essential for the recognition and binding to the promoter sequence.
(E) It keeps the core complex from dissociating.

1. RNA molecules that exhibit catalytic activities are called (A) mRNAs (B) rRNAs (C) ribosomes (D) ribonucleotides (E) ribozymes

2. Cellular proteins destined for secretion are sorted and packaged in (A) nucleolus (B) endosomes (C) endoplasmic reticulum (D) trans Golgi network (E) lysosomes

3. Which of the following is true about a circular double-stranded DNA genome that is determined by chemical means to be 23 percent adenosine? (A) The genome is 11.5% guanosine. (B) The genome is 23% guanosine. (C) The genome is 27% guanosine. (D) The genome is 54% guanosine. (E) The base percent composition of guanosine in the genome cannot be determined from the information given.

4. In the classical model of transcriptional control, a repressor protein binds to (A) an AUG sequence (B) an operator (C) a TATA box (D) a Shine-Dalgarno sequence (E) an enhancer

5. "Zinc fingers" are important in cellular functions because they are (A) at the catalytic site of many kinases (B) structures with high redox potential (C) introduce double-stranded DNA breaks (D) a structural motif of many DNA-binding proteins (E) characteristic of palindromic stretches of unique-sequence DNA

6. CRISPR/Cas9 is the most talked about techniques in the past few years for targeted genome editing. Which of the following statement about CRISPR/Cas9 is NOT correct? (A) An RNA molecule, called guide RNA, directs Cas9 to the target (B) Cas9 is an exonuclease that cut double-stranded DNA (C) The system was originally discovered as part of adaptive immunity in bacteria (D) The system has been shown to work in many organisms. (E) The system can be used to control gene expression.

7. Which of the following is NOT required by DNA polymerase for in vitro synthesis of DNA? (A) tRNA (B) ATP (C) primer (D) dATP (E) DNA template

8. The "2018 Nobel Prize in Chemistry" was awarded to scientists who pioneered directed evolution. Which of the following statement about directed evolution is NOT correct? (A) It mimics natural evolution and directs protein engineering toward a user-defined goal. (B) It involves iterative rounds mutagenesis, selection and amplification. (C) High fidelity DNA polymerases are used for random mutagenesis in vitro. (D) The fidelity of the Taq DNA polymerase can be modulated by alteration of the composition of the reaction buffer. (E) DNA shuffling is another powerful method for directed evolution, which generates diversity by recombination.

9. Which of the following restrict enzymes will produce a blunt end (the cutting site is indicated with * in the recognition sequence)? (A) HaeIII (GG*CC) (B) EcoRI (G*AATTC) (C) NotI (GC*GGCCGC) (D) XbaI (T*CTAGA) (E) PstI (CTGCA*G)

10. Which of the following can NOT be determined by NGS (next-generation sequencing)? (A) the genome of a cell. (B) the transcriptome of a cell. (C) the IncRNA of a cell. (D) the proteome of a cell. (E) the genome of chloroplast.

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