18. Considering the polymerase chain reaction, what kind of bonds holds the primer to the template DNA?
(A) covalent
(B) ionic
(C) Van der Waals
(D) hydrogen
(E) hydrophobic

19. The "2016 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine" was awarded to Dr. Yoshinori Ohsumi "for his discoveries of mechanisms for autophagy". Which of the following statement about autophagy is incorrect? (A) A mitochondrion was observed being engulfed by a cup-shaped double-membrane. This mitochondrion might be going through the process of autophagy. (B) In autophagy, the engulfed organelles will be sent to the 26S proteosome for degradation. (C) Autophagy mediates the digestion and recycling of non-essential parts of the cell during starvation. (D) Autophagy is capable of clearing invading microorganisms and toxic protein aggregates.

20. CRISPR/Cas9 is the most talked about technique in the past few years for targeted genome editing. Which of the following statement about CRISPR/Cas9 is incorrect? (A) Cas9 is an endonuclease that cut double-stranded RNA. (B) An RNA molecule guides Cas9 to the target. (C) The system has been shown to work in many organisms including fish, yeast and plants. (D) The system was originally discovered as part of adaptive immunity in bacteria.

21. Which of the following statements about RNA polymerase is NOT correct? (A) DNA moves through a channel in RNA polymerase and makes a sharp turn at the active site (B) Sigma factor is required for both the initiation and elongation steps of RNA synthesis (C) Sigma factor changes the DNA-binding properties of RNA polymerase so that its affinity for general DNA is reduced and its affinity for promoter is increased (D) Core RNA polymerase of bacteria can synthesize RNA from a DNA template but cannot initiate transcription at the correct site

22. All of the following elements can function as prokaryotic promoter except (A) A TATA box centered at~-10 (B) A purine at the start point (C) CpG islands (D) A hexamer with a sequence close to TTGACA centered at ~-35

23. Which of the following statements about Eukaryotic RNA polymerases and promoters is NOT correct? (A) mRNA is synthesized by RNA polymerase II in the nucleoplasm (B) rRNA is synthesized by RNA polymerase I in the nucleolus (C) Promoter is always located in the upstream of the transcription start point (D) Chromatin must be opened before RNA polymerase can bind the promoter

24. Which of the following is not used in the electrophoretic mobility shift assay (EMSA)? (A) A radiolabeled DNA fragment (B) A polyacrylamide gel (C) A DNA binding protein (D) DNase I

25. Which of the following is not a structural motif found in a DNA-binding domain? (A) Random-coil acidic domain (B) Zinc-finger (C) Helix-loop-helix (D) Homeodomain

26. Splice sites in pre-mRNA are marked by two universally conserved sequences contained (A) In the middle of the intron. (B) At the ends of the exons. (C) At the ends of the introns. (D) None of the above

27. Which of the following RNA functions in the removal of introns from pre-RNAs. (A) snRNA (small nuclear RNA) (B) snoRNA (small nucleolar RNA) (C) siRNA (small interfering RNA) (D) miRNA (micro RNA)

28. Indicate the order in which the following steps occur in the production of a mature mRNA. (A) Initiation of transcription, splicing, addition of 5' cap, addition of polyA. tail, transport to cytoplasm (B) Initiation of transcription, addition of 5' cap, splicing, transport to cytoplasm, addition of polyA. tail, (C) Initiation of transcription, addition of polyA. tail, addition of 5′ cap, splicing, transport to cytoplasm (D) Initiation of transcription, addition of 5' cap, addition of polyA. tail, splicing, transport to cytoplasm

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