18. Diffusion of ions across membranes through specific ion channels is driven by_____________.

(A) active transport pumps

(B) ion concentration gradients only

(C) electrical gradients only

(D) ion electrochemical gradients

1. A plant will begin flowering in response to changes in length of daylight, temperature, and light quality. This is an example of which unifying principle of life? (A) Plants conduct photosynthesis. (B) Living organisms maintain homeostasis. (C) Living organisms interact with their environment. (D) Living organisms grow and develop. (E) Populations of organisms evolve from one generation to the next.

2. In the process of biological evolution, new species may evolve through exchange of genes from one species to another. This process is called __. (A) genomic sciences (B) horizontal gene transfer (C) vertical evolution (D) vertical descent with mutation (E) proteome transfer

3. When considering nomenclature for scientific names, what is the difference between the two primates, Homo sapiens and Homo erectus? (A) One is a primate but the other is not. (B) They are animals of a different kingdom. (C) They are animals of a different order. (D) They are animals of a different species. (E) They are animals of a different genus.

4. If a specimen contains 30% adenine in its DNA, how much cytosine will it contain? (A) 40% (B) 35% (C) 30% (D) 20% (E) 15%

5. Some regions of the plasma membrane, called lipid rafts, have a higher concentration of cholesterol molecules. At higher temperatures, these regions __. (A) are more fluid than the surrounding membrane (B) detach from the plasma membrane and clog arteries (C) are less fluid than the surrounding membrane (D) have higher rates of lateral diffusion of lipids and proteins into and out of these regions (E) dissolve into the whole plasma membrane

6. To observe the three-dimensional structure of a cell the best type of microscopy would be (A) standard light microscopy. (B) fluorescence microscopy. (C) scanning electron microscopy. (D) differential-interference light microscopy. (E) transmission electron microscopy.

7. The general structural and functional differences between a nerve and smooth muscle cell within an individual are a result of (A) the genome (DNA in a cell) being different between muscle and nerve cells. (B) the proteome (proteins in a cell) that differ between muscle and nerve cells. (C) the relative amounts of certain proteins between muscle and nerve cells. (D) the genome and the relative amounts of certain proteins that differ between muscle and nerve cells. (E) the proteome and the relative amounts of certain proteins that differ between muscle and nerve cells

8. A fabric company wants to create a new material based on cell research for the army that is able to bear high levels of tension efficiently. What cellular structure should be the target? (A) Microtubules (B) Microfilaments (C) Centrioles (D) Intermediate filaments (E) Pili

9. An animal cell is permeable to water and urea but not to sucrose. The inside of the cell contains 0.5 M sucrose and 0.3 M urea and the outside 0.5 M sucrose and 0.6 M urea. The volume of the cell will (A) increase. (B) decrease. (C) be no change.

10. The route that most accurately describes secretory protein movement through the endomembrane system would be (A) Golgi apparatus→smooth endoplasmic reticulum →lysosome→vesicles→plasma membrane. (B) plasmid→plasma membrane→nuclear envelope→smooth endoplasmic reticulum→vesicles. (C) nuclear envelope→vesicles→Golgi apparatus→rough endoplasmic reticulum→plasma membrane. (D) lysosomes→rough endoplasmic reticulum→smooth endoplasmic reticulum→vesicles →plasma membrane. (E) rough endoplasmic reticulum→vesicles→Golgi apparatus→vesicles→plasma membrane.

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