18. The Sun radiates energy at a rate of 3.86 × 10²⁶ W. Its radius is 7.0 × 10⁸ m. If the distance from the Earth to the Sun is 1.5 × 10¹¹ m, what is the intensity of solar radiation at the top of the Earth's atmosphere?
(A) 1.6 × 10 W/m²
(B) 2.8 × 10⁴ W/m²
(C) 3.6 × 10⁵ W/m²
(D) 1.4 × 10³ W/m²
(E) 6.4 × 10⁷ W/m²

1. Which of the curves on the graph best represents the vertical component v_y of the velocity versus the time t for a projectile fired at an angle of 45° above the horizontal? (A) OC (B) AE (C) AB (D) DE (E) AF

2. The coefficient of static friction between the block and the cart is 0.5. If the mass of the block is m, what is the minimal acceleration of the cart to prevent the block from falling? (A) g (B) 0.6 (C) 0.3g (D) 0.5g (E) 2g

3. An object of mass m is initially at rest on a frictionless horizontal plane. If a constant power P acts on this object for t duration, how far will it travel during this interval? (A)(B) (C)(D) (E)

4. A uniform narrow bar, resting on ice, is given a transverse horizontal impulse at one end as shown. The center of mass will: (A) remain at rest (B) move in a circle (C) move in a straight line (D) move in a parabola (E) none of above

5. Two objects, X and Y, are held at rest on a horizontal frictionless surface and a spring is compressed between them. The mass of X is 5/2 times the mass of Y. Immediately after the spring is released, X has a kinetic energy of 50 J and Y has a kinetic energy of: (A) 20 J (B) 8 J (C) 310 J (D) 125 J (E) 50 J

6. Where is the CM of the thin semicircular ring in the figure? The mass is uniformly distributed. (A) (0, R/π) (B) (0, 2R/π) (C) (0, 3R/π) (D) (0, R/2π) (E) (0, R/3π)

7. A solid wheel with mass M, radius R, and rotational inertia MR²/2, rolls without sliding on a horizontal surface. A horizontal force F is applied to the axle and the center of mass has an acceleration a. The magnitudes of the applied force F and the frictional force f of the surface, respectively, are: (A) F = Ma, f = 0 (B) F = Ma, f = Ma/2 (C) F = 2Ma, f = Ma (D) F = 2Ma, f = Ma/2 (E) F = 3Ma/2, f = Ma/2

8. The mass density of a certain planet has spherical symmetry but varies in such a way that the mass inside every spherical surface with center at the center of the planet is proportional to the radius of the surface. If r is the distance from the center of the planet to a point mass inside the planet, the gravitational force on the mass is: (A) not dependent on r (B) proportional to r (C) proportional to r² (D) proportional to 1/r (E) proportional to 1/r²

9. A uniform rod of mass M and length L is pivoted about a horizontal axis at one end and attached to a vertical spring whose constant is k. For small angle displacements from the equilibrium position (indicated by the dashed line), what is the period of the oscillation? (Irod = ML²/3) (A)  (B) (C)(D)(E)

10. An ideal gas, consisting of n moles, undergoes an irreversible process in which the temperature T has the same value at the beginning and end. If the volume changes from Vi to V_f, the change in entropy is given by: (A) nR (Vf−Vi) (B) nR (Vf/Vi) (C) nR ln(Vf/Vi) (D) nR ln(Vi/Vf) (E) none of the above (entropy can't be calculated for an irreversible process)

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