18. Which of the following bryophyte structure is haploid?
(A) foot.
(B) protonema.
(C) seta.
(D) embryo.

(E) capsule.

14. Allopatric populations of Geospiza fuliginosa and G. fortis (Darwin's finches) on different islands have similar beak morphologies. However, when the two species are sympatric on the same island, G. fuliginosa has a shallower, smaller beak, and G. fortis has a deeper, larger beak. These changes in beak morphology allow sympatric populations of Darwin's finches avoiding competition for food. This is an example of _________. (A) adaptive radiation (B) Batesian mimicry (C) character displacement (D) Müllerian mimicry (E) reinforcement

15. Significant sexual dimorphism is often found among bird species. Among the European flycatchers of the genus Ficedula, females select their mates based on the appearance of the conspecific male. Males look similar in allopatric populations of Ficedula hypoleuca and F. albicollis (European flycatcher). However, in the sympatric populations, males of the two species look very different. In experiments, females do not select males of other species when selecting between males from sympatric populations. However, they frequently make mistakes when selecting males from allopatric populations. This is an example of_________. (A) adaptive radiation (B) Batesian mimicry (C) character displacement (D) Müllerian mimicry (E) reinforcement

16. Some heterokonts (stramenophiles) are photosynthetic and gained their chloroplasts by:(A) primary endosymbiosis with a photosynthetic cyanobacterium.(B) primary endosymbiosis with a photosynthetic glaucophyte chloroplast.(C) secondary endosymbiosis with a green alga.(D) secondary endosymbiosis with a red alga.(E) secondary endosymbiosis with a dinoflagellate.

17. In fungi, coenocytic hyphae lack:(A) chitin.(B) microtubules.(C) flagellated cells.(D) septa.(E) rhizoids.

19. A sorus is a:(A) group of sporangia on the upper side of a fern leaf.(B) group of sporangia on the underside of a fern leaf.(C) group of sporangia along the edge of a fern stem.(D) single sporangium on the underside of a fern leaf.(E) group of fern spores.

20. The mature female gametophyte is called a(n):(A) embryo sac.(B) nucellus.(C) megasporangium.(D) endosperm.(E) ovule.

21. Which of the following statements concerning primary meristems is FALSE?(A) An example is the suspensor.(B) An example is the procambium.(C) An example is the ground meristem.(D) They are formed during embryogenesis.(E) They are meristematic.

22. If a plant produces leaves that are oriented horizontally, which of the following might you expect to find ingreater abundance on the upper side relative to the lower side?(A) stomata.(B) cuticle.(C) spongy mesophyll.(D) epidermal cells.(E) veins.

23. Compared with a C3 plant, a C4 plant: (A) carries out more photorespiration. (B) has a lower photosynthetic efficiency. (C) has more Rubisco. (D) has a higher leaf nitrogen content. (E) needs more ATP to fix CO2.

24. Which of the following does NOT involve the use of tissue culture?(A) micropropagation.(B) clonal propagation.(C) protoplast fusion.(D) hyhroponics.(E) meristem culture.