19. Primer extension is used to _____
(A) locate the binding of RNA polymerase
(B) determine the interaction of RNA and proteins
(C) determine the transcriptional start site
(D) generate primers for PCR
(E) none of the above

1. A DNA element that binds one or more activators and stimulates transcription of a gene or genes is called ______. (A) Promoter (B) Suppressor (C) Operator (D) Enhancer (E) Terminator

2. Which of the following descriptions is   correct   about an ara operon? (A) Arabinose can derepress the ara operon by causing AraC to loosen its attachment to araO1 and to bind to aral2 instead. (B) In the positive control, CAP-CAMP complex-binding site is located within the promoter. (C) AraC binds to aral2 and araO2, but not aral, in the looped state. (D) The two dimers in an ara repressor tetramer interact with the major groove of the DNA (E) Recent experimental evidence has shown that three ara operator sequences are needed for maximal expression.

3. You are designing an experiment to investigate the presence of promoter binding sites for holoenzymes bearing in B. subtilis. A DNA template is available along with the two holoenzyme complexes and the in vitro transcription buffers. Which of the following is a suitable negative control for this experiment? (A) a reaction containing all the components minus UTP (B) a reaction containing DNA lacking the -10 region (C) a reaction containing DNA lacking the -35 region (D) a reaction containing DNA lacking the UP element (E) a reaction containing a DNA lacking the two promoter regions

4. Which of the following is mostly likely to occur when E. coli mounts the heat shock response? (A) sigma factor (, also called )-switching. (B) complete shutdown of transcription. (C) transcription of genes which encode proteins related to sporulation. (D) activation of vegetative genes. (E) reduction of endospore formation.

5. O, P, Q, S, and R genes are part of the λ phage genome. A new clone of lambda was constructed that lacked the O and P region. Which of the following would be observed if this new clone were used to infect bacteria? (A) The clone would not enter the cell. (B) The clone would be destroyed by the bacterial host. (C) Replication of phage DNA would be impaired in the lytic phase. (D) A rapid burst of replication would occur. (E) The transcription of delayed early genes would be terminated.

6. Which of the following engineered nucleases is NOT used for genome editing? (A) zinc finger nucleases (ZFNs). (B) transcription activator-like effector-based nucleases (TALENS). (C) clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)-Cas9. (D) meganuclease. (E) micrococcal nuclease (MNase)

7. Which of the following enzymes is NOT involved in RNA editing of trypanosomatid kinetoplast gene? (A) endonuclease (B) 3'-exonuclease (C) terminal uridylyl transferase (TUTase) (D) RNA ligase (E) RNase P

8. Which of the following snRNPs is NOT present in spliceosome cycle during mRNA processing? (A) U1 (B) U2 (C) U3 (D) U4 (E) U5

9. Which of the following is   NOT   a function of the mRNA cap? (A) protects the mRNA from degradation (B) enhances translatability of the mRNA (C) enhances transport of the mRNA to the cytoplasm (D) enhances splicing of the mRNA (E) helps regulate expression of the mRNA

10. Which of the following molecules contains a polyA. tail? (A) rRNA (B) tRNA (C) gRNA (D) hnRNA (E) miRNA

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