19. Which of the following characteristics are the principles of separation of proteins in denaturing condition during two-dimensional (2-D) gel electrophoresis experiment? First dimension Second dimension
(A) Hydrophobicity Subunit molecular weight
(B) Density Charge
(C) Subunit molecular weight Density
(D) amino acid composition Charge
(E) isoelectronic point (pI) Subunit molecular weight

1. During standard electrophoresis, to which pole would one expect the following macromolecules to migrate: RNA, DNA, protein? (A) positive pole, positive pole, either pole depending on charge, respectively (B) negative pole, positive pole, either pole depending on charge, respectively (C) negative pole, negative pole, either pole depending on charge, respectively (D) positive pole, negative pole, positive pole, respectively (E) none of the above

2. The biological role of restriction enzymes is to: (A) aid recombinant DNA research. (B) degrade foreign DNA that enters a bacterium. (C) make bacteria resistant to antibiotics. (D) restrict the damage to DNA by ultraviolet light. (E) restrict the size of DNA in certain bacteria.

3. The E. coli recombinant plasmid pBR322 has been widely utilized in genetic engineering experiments. pBR322 has all of the following features except: (A) a number of conveniently located recognition sites for restriction enzymes. (B) a number of palindromic sequences near the EcoRI site, which permit the plasmid to assume a conformation that protects newly inserted DNA from nuclease degradation. (C) a replication origin, which permits it to replicate autonomously. (D) resistance to two different antibiotics, which permits rapid screening for recombinant plasmids containing foreign DNA. (E) small overall size, which facilitates entry of the plasmid into host cells.

4. Which of the following statements regarding plasmid cloning vectors is correct? (A) Circular plasmids do not require an origin of replication to be propagated in E. coli. (B) Foreign DNA fragments up to 45,000 base pairs can be cloned in a typical plasmid. (C) The copy number of plasmids may vary from a few to several hundred. (D) Plasmids do not need to contain genes that confer resistance to antibiotics. (E) Plasmid vectors must carry promoters for inserted gene fragments.

5. When considering the nature of genetic regulation in eukaryotes, one often comes across the term "housekeeping genes". We could expect that such housekeeping genes would (A) provide mRNAs which are not protected at their 5' and/or 3' ends (B) be active only in heart and liver cells because they are the most vital cells in an organism (C) code for proteins which are essential for all cells of an organism (D) provide hnRNAs which do not undergo intron removal (E) code for proteins which are found only in certain cell types

6. Although the expression of most genes is tightly regulated, some genes are expressed at roughly constant rates (i.e. constitutively). Which of the following genes would you predict to be constitutively expressed? (A) Genes involved in the biosynthesis of tryptophan (an amino acid) (B) Genes involved in the degradation of tryptophan (C) Genes involved in the degradation of arabinose, a sugar (D) Genes that that code for ribosomal RNAs (E) Genes involved in the transport of maltose, a sugar, into the cell

7. The relationship between DNA fragment size and mobility in an agarose gel is best described as a(n) (A) linear relationship between size and mobility. (B) no significant relationship between size and mobility. (C) only dependent on the concentration of agarose in the gel. (D) independent of the voltage and current conditions used during electrophoresis. (E) approximately logarithimic relationship between size and mobility.

8. The Sanger or dideoxy method of nucleotide sequence determination (A) relies on sequence-specific termination of an enzymatically synthesized DNA chain. (B) requires some knowledge about the nucleotide sequence of the region to be characterized. (C) is much less common the the Maxam-Gilbert method of sequence analysis. (D) is inherently complicated by the requirement for a binding site for a sequencing primer. (E) is based on preferential, base-specific methylation

複選題9. Which of the following methods can be used to detect the gene activity? (A) primer extension (B) Northern blot (C) Southern blot (D) Western blot (E) DNase footprinting

複選題10. Which of the following is most likely to lead to a loss-of-function of a gene? (A) A change from T to C in the promoter region (B) A missense mutation in the open reading frame (C) A frameshift mutation in the coding region (D) A sequence change in the 3’ untranslated region (E) A change from a TAA codon to a TAG codon in the coding region

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