19. Which of the following molecule can cross cell membranes freely?
(A) Carbon dioxide
(B) Na⁺
(C) K⁺
(D) All of the above
(E) None of the above

15. Short-term memory information processing usually causes changes in the (A) brainstem. (B) medulla. (C) hypothalamus. (D) hippocampus. (E) cranial nerves.

16. The cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) is synthesized by________ , and it is degraded by_________. (A) adenylate cyclase； phosphodiesterases (B) phosphodiesterases； adenylate cyclase (C) adenylate cyclase； phosphoesterases (D) phosphoesterases； adenylate cyclase (E) None of the above is correct

17. What are (1), (2) and (3) for the following reaction? (A) NADH, pyruvate decarboxylase, NAD+ (B) NADH, pruvate dehydrogenase, NAD+ (C) NAD+, pyruvate decarboxylase, NADH (D) NAD+, pruvate dehydrogenase, NADH (E) None of the above is correct

複選題18. Each round of the Tricarboxylic Acid Cycle (TCA cycle) produces_________. (1) two molecules of carbon dioxide(2) one molecule of ATP(3) two molecules of NADH(4) one molecule of FADH2 (A) (1) and (2) (B) (2) and (3) (C) (1) and (4) (D) (3) and (4) (E) All of the above are correct

20. The allosteric enzyme PFK-1 (Phosphofructokinase-1) catalyzes the committed step of glycolysis. Which of the following statements about PFK-1 is correct? (A) It is inhibited by ADP and stimulated by AMP. (B) It is inhibited by high pH. (C) It is stimulated by citrate. (D) It is stimulated by insulin but is inhibited by epinephrine in muscle cells. (E) It is stimulated by insulin and inhibited by glucagon in liver cells.

21. Which of the following pairs of amino acids could form a charge-charge interaction through their R- groups (side chains)? (A) serine and glutamic acid (B) glutamine and lysine (C) methionine and histidine (D) lysine and arginine (E) aspartic acid and lysine

22. NADPH is synthesized mainly in which of the following pathways? (A) Glycolysis (B) Pentose Phosphate Pathway (C) TCA cycle (D) Urea cycle (E) Gluconeogenesis

23. The isoelectric point of tyrosine is_____________ .(PK1 = 2.2； pK2= 9.11； pKa = 10.07 of the side chain) (A) 5.66 (B)6.135 (C) 7.126 (D) 9.11 (E) 9.59

24. The disease gout is a disease of the joints, usually in males, caused by an elevated concentration of _________in the blood and tissues. (A) heme (B) xanthine (C) hypoxanthine (D) uric acid (E) inosine

25. Which of the following amino acids does not belong to glucogenic amino acid? (A) Ala(B) Arg (C) Cys (D) Glu (E) Leu