19. Which of the following molecules serves as a primer for reverse transcriptase during retroviral replication?
(A) host snRNA
(B) viral RNA
(C) host tRNA
(D) viral DNA
(E) host DNA

1. Regions of the 5'-UTRs of mRNAs that alter their structures to control gene expression are called (A) Enhancers (B) Operators (C) Leader sequences (D) Riboswitches (E).UP elements

2. Which of the following statements is   correct   about a pair of lac operons with the following merodiploid genotype in E. coli strain? : a mutation in the operator that makes it defective in binding repressor) (A) The mutation is cis-dominant. (B) Both operons are uninducible. (C) This merodiploid is a complete diploid bacterium. (D) lac products cannot be produced in the absence of lactose. (E) The repressor binds irreversibly to both operators.

3. Which of the following statement is   not correct   regarding the sigma-factor? (A) The 2.4 region has an a-helix domain. (B) It determines rifampicin sensitivity or resistance. (C) It can bind with core polymerase to form RNA polymerase holoenzyme. (D) Subregions 2.4 and 4.2 are involved in promoter recognition. (E) Interaction with the core enzyme unmasks the DNA-binding region.

4. Which of the following is mostly likely to occur when phage infection occurs in B. subtilis? (A) Use of host σ (sigma factor) for late stage of transcription. (B) Reduction of endospore formation. (C) Complex sigma-switching. (D) Complete shutdown of transcription. (E) Use of host RNA polymerase holoenzyme for late stage of transcription.

5. Which of the following is   not correct   regarding rho-dependent terminators? (A) Rho is a hexamer of identical subunits. (B) Rho binds directly to RNA polymerase. (C) Rho has helicase activity. (D) They consist of inverted repeats. (E) They contain several T's in the non-template strand.

6. Which of the following techniques is most useful in determining if RNA polymerase has initiated transcription from the lac DNA template? (A) Run-off transcription assay. (B) Southern analysis. (C) DNA fingerprinting. (D) Filter binding assay. (E) DNA sequencing.

7. Which of the following statement is true for transcription activators in eukaryote? (A) The general transcription factor TFIIIA has a bZIP domain that contains two cysteines and two histidines coordinated to a zinc ion. (B) Some transcriptional activators can be sumoylated, which marks them for destruction by proteasome. (C) Enhancers are DNA-binding proteins that can induce strong bending in DNA. (D) Each homeodomain protein contains three alpha-helices in which the third serves as the DNA-recognition helice. (E) Glutamine-rich domains are found to be important for DNA binding in several eukaryotic transcription factors.

複選題8. Which statement is   true   for eukaryotic promoters? (A) For eukaryotic RNA polymerase II-dependent promoters (class II promoter), the TATA box is recognized by the general transcription factor TFIIB. (B) Some class II promoters contain a downstream promoter element (DPE), which is located around the transcription start site. (C) As an eukaryotic RNA polymerase III-dependent promoter (class III promoter), the 5S rRNA promoter is located within the gene itself (i.e. an internal promoter). (D) For human rRNA promoter, it contains two important regions and the spacing between these two elements is not important for promoter strength. (E) The U6 snRNA is made by RNA polymerase II and its gene promoter contains a TFIIB .recognition element.

複選題9. Crystal structures of the transcription elongation complex involving RNA polymerase II reveal a clamp, three loops of the clamp (called the lid, rudder and zipper), and a bridge helix. (A) The function of the lid is to initiate dissociation of the RNA-DNA hybrid. (B) The zipper appears to play a role to maintain the dissociation of the template DNA. (C) The bridge helix appears to play a role to maintain the dissociation of the RNA-DNA hybrid. (D) The rudder is speculated to play a role in translocation during transcription. (E) Alpha-amanitin is bound to a site near the bridge helix appears to enhance translocation during transcription.

10. Please choose one correct answer for the roles of different general transcription factors in eukaryotic RNA polymerase I, II and III. (A) TFIID has a DNA helicase activity that is essential for promoter clearance during transcription. (B) The 5S RNA genes only require TFIIIB to form a preinitiation complex with the RNA polymerase III. (C) The asymmetric binding of TFIIA to the promoter can determine the direction of transcription. (D) The human core-binding factor SL1 is fundamental transcription factor to recruit RNA polymerase I. (E) TFIIB not only stabilizes TBP and TATA box binding, but also use an antirepression mechanism to stimulate TFIID and promoter binding.

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