2. The source of phosphate for a phosphorylation cascade is
(A) protein kinase
(B) ATP
(C) GTP
(D) protein phosphatase
(E) cAMP

3. The unwinding of DNA at the replication fork causes twisting and strain in the DNA ahead of the fork, which is relieved by an enzyme called __________. (A) relievase (B) ligase (C) helicase (D) topoisomerase (E) primase

4. Species A and species B are in the same phylum. Species A and species C, but not species B, are in the same order. From this information you can conclude that (A) all three species are not members of the same phylum (B) species C could be in the same class as species A and B (C) all three species are members of the same genus (D) species B and species C share a less recent ancestor than do species A and B (E) species A and species B are in the same family

5. What is the role of a second messenger in hormone action? (A) It informs a gland as to whether its hormones are having an effect. (B) It signals a cell to secrete a hormone. (C) It relays a hormone's message inside a target cell. (D) It stops hormone action when it is no longer needed. (E) All of the listed responses are correct.

6. What is the function of hemagglutinin in the influenza virus? (A) Hemagglutinin is the name of the reverse transcriptase enzyme in the influenza virus. (B) Hemagglutinin is involved in assembling the membrane envelope that the virus uses as a cloak when it leaves an infected cell. (C) Hemagglutinin is part of the protein capsid of the influenza virus. (D) Hemagglutinin helps release new viruses from infected cells. (E) Hemagglutinin is the protein that helps the influenza virus attach to host cells.

7. In an experiment, a microbiologist put equal numbers of each of the following organisms into a flask of sterile broth, consisting mostly of sugar and a few amino acids. She then placed the flask in the dark. Which of the organisms would be most likely to survive? (A) photoheterotrophs (B) photoautotrophs (C) chemoheterotrophic bacteria (D) cyanobacteria (E) thermoacidophilic bacteria

8. Lipids differ from other large biological molecules in that they (A) do not contain carbon (B) are much larger (C) do not contain nitrogen and phosphorus atoms (D) do not have specific shapes (E) are not truly polymers

9. Pharmaceutical companies are selling billions of dollars' worth of single-enantiomer drugs. Why might it be important to use only one form of an enantiomer? (A) One enantiomer may provide an effective treatment whereas the other may be ineffective or even toxic. (B) It is cheaper to manufacture only one of the enantiomers. (C) The left-handed version of the enantiomer is always the effective one. (D) It is not important. Both enantiomers will be equally effective. (E) All of the listed responses are true.

10. Despite long days grazing on tall grasses, several of the cattle released into a new pasture have oddly shaped or broken legs and often lay down. These cattle might be suffering from __________. (A) carbohydrate deficiency (B) fat deficiency (C) vitamin A deficiency (D) phosphorus deficiency (E) undernutrition

11. If a modified form of GTP that CANNOT be enzymatically converted to GDP were added to a culture of cells, the likely result would be (A) the inhibition of pathways stimulated by tyrosine-kinase receptors (B) the inactivation of G-protein-coupled signaling pathways (C) the inactivation of ligand-gated ion channels (D) receptor tyrosine kinases would be stimulated by the additional phosphate groups present in the modified GTP (E) that the activated G proteins would remain locked in the "on" position, transmitting signal even in the absence of a signaling molecule

12. What is the source of the hormones that, when suddenly absent, are directly responsible for the onset of menstruation? (A) vestibular (Bartholin's) glands (B) corpus luteum (C) hypothalamus (D) pituitary (E) ovarian follicle

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