8. Lipids differ from other large biological molecules in that they
(A) do not contain carbon
(B) are much larger
(C) do not contain nitrogen and phosphorus atoms
(D) do not have specific shapes
(E) are not truly polymers

9. Pharmaceutical companies are selling billions of dollars' worth of single-enantiomer drugs. Why might it be important to use only one form of an enantiomer? (A) One enantiomer may provide an effective treatment whereas the other may be ineffective or even toxic. (B) It is cheaper to manufacture only one of the enantiomers. (C) The left-handed version of the enantiomer is always the effective one. (D) It is not important. Both enantiomers will be equally effective. (E) All of the listed responses are true.

10. Despite long days grazing on tall grasses, several of the cattle released into a new pasture have oddly shaped or broken legs and often lay down. These cattle might be suffering from __________. (A) carbohydrate deficiency (B) fat deficiency (C) vitamin A deficiency (D) phosphorus deficiency (E) undernutrition

11. If a modified form of GTP that CANNOT be enzymatically converted to GDP were added to a culture of cells, the likely result would be (A) the inhibition of pathways stimulated by tyrosine-kinase receptors (B) the inactivation of G-protein-coupled signaling pathways (C) the inactivation of ligand-gated ion channels (D) receptor tyrosine kinases would be stimulated by the additional phosphate groups present in the modified GTP (E) that the activated G proteins would remain locked in the "on" position, transmitting signal even in the absence of a signaling molecule

12. What is the source of the hormones that, when suddenly absent, are directly responsible for the onset of menstruation? (A) vestibular (Bartholin's) glands (B) corpus luteum (C) hypothalamus (D) pituitary (E) ovarian follicle

13. In the absence of meiosis and sexual reproduction, what general process allows genetic recombination among prokaryotes? (A) chemoautotrophy (B) mutation (C) horizontal gene transfer (D) endospore formation (E) evolution

14. The centromere is a region in which (A) chromosomes become aligned during metaphase (B) the chromosomes are connected to the cell plate in metaphase (C) microtubules are fastened to the centrioles during anaphase (D) sister chromatids are attached to one another in prophase (E) the new cell plate forms in telophase

15. In which animal does the circulatory system include a heart and a system of closed vessels? (A) fish (B) crayfish (C) beetle (D) sea anemone (E) sponge

16. Which set of enzymes is involved in nucleotide excision repair? (A) nuclease, DNA polymerase, and ligase (B) hydrolase, nuclease, and ligase (C) DNA polymerase, helicase, primase (D) nuclease, DNA polymerase, primase (E) ligase, nuclease, and primase

17. When goats were introduced to an island off the California coast, the goats inhabited the same areas and ate the same plants as the native deer. The deer population dwindled and finally disappeared. This is an example of (A) a food chain (B) succession (C) coevolution (D) competitive exclusion (E) commensalism

18. Taxol is an anticancer drug extracted from the Pacific yew tree. In animal cells, Taxol disrupts microtubule formation by binding to microtubules and accelerating their assembly from the protein precursor tubulin. Surprisingly, this stops mitosis. Specifically, Taxol must affect (A) the formation of the mitotic spindle. (B) chromatid assembly. (C) anaphase. (D) the S phase of the cell cycle. (E) formation of the centrioles.

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