20. Canale and Swain (1980) propose that communicative competence includes grammatical competence, discourse competence, sociolinguistic competence, and strategic competence. With strategic competence, _____________ 
(A) speakers use and understand language structures accurately and unhesitatingly.
(B) speakers apply the rules of cohesion and coherence, holding the communication together in a meaningful way.
(C) speakers know what is expected socially and culturally by users of the target language.
(D) speakers manipulate language in order to meet communicative goals.

16. Which is considered to be the least important in Reader’s Theater? (A) Interactions with peers. (B) A particular engagement with the text. (C) A memorization of the lines. (D) Teacher’s guidance on oral skills.

17. Assessment refers to a variety of ways used to collect information on a learner’s language ability or achievement. The assessment that interprets results by ranking a learner’s performance in relation to the performance of other learners is called _____________. (A) criterion-referenced assessment (B) norm-referenced assessment (C) formative assessment (D) summative assessment

18. “Unlike the Direct Method, however, it places less emphasis on teacher monologues, direct repetition, and formal questions and answers, and less focus on accurate production of target language sentences…there is an emphasis on exposure, or input, rather than practice; optimizing emotional preparedness for learning; a prolonged period of attention to what the language learners hear before they try to produce language; and a willingness to use written and other materials as a source of comprehensible input” (Richards & Rodgers, 1986: 129). What does “it” mean in the above-cited passage? (A) the Cognitive Approach (B) the Oral Approach (C) the Natural Approach (D) the Audiolingual Approach

19. Process writing as a classroom activity comprises four basic writing stages — planning (pre-writing), drafting (writing), revising (redrafting) and editing — as well as three other stages teachers can externally impose on students, i.e. responding (sharing), evaluating and post-writing (Seow, 1995). Based on Seow’s perspective, which description of the writing stages is CORRECT? (A) At the drafting stage, the writers focus on the fluency of writing rather than grammatical accuracy or the neatness of the draft. (B) At the planning stage, the writers reexamine what was written to see whether they have communicated their meanings to the reader effectively. (C) At the editing stage, the writers’ texts can be transformed for stage performances or merely displayed on notice-boards. (D) At the revising stage, the writers can elicit ideas from multimedia sources as well as from direct interviews, talks, surveys, and questionnaires.

21. (A) alluded to (B) stood for (C) played down (D) took off

22. (A) ban (B) flag (C) admission (D) logo

23. (A) on the board (B) on board (C) off board (D) in the board

24. (A) put off (B) pulled out (C) put in place (D) put down

25. (A) what (B) as if (C) what if (D) as

26. (A) cultivated (B) fertile (C) prolific (D) fallow