20. From the following list of observations, choose the one that most clearly supports the conclusion that electrons in atoms have quantized energies.
(A) the emission spectrum of hydrogen
(B) the photoelectric effect
(C) the scattering of alpha particles by metal foil
(D) diffraction
(E) cathode "rays"

1. The average mass of a boron atom is 10.81. If you were able to isolate a single boron atom, what is the chance that you would randomly get an atom with mass 10.81? (A) 0% (B) 0.81% (C) about 11% (D) 10.81% (E) greater than 50%

2. A balloon contains 10.0 g of neon gas. With the temperature kept constant, 10.0 g of argon gas is added. What happens? (A) the balloon doubles in volume (B) the volume of the balloon expands by more than 2 times (C) the volume of the balloon expands by less than 2 times (D) the balloon stays the same size, but the pressure increases (E) none of these

3. The reaction below occurs in basic solution. In the balanced equation, what is the sum of the coefficients? (A) 12 (B) 15 (C) 19 (D) 23 (E) 27

4. When NH3(aq) is added to , a precipitate initially forms. What is its formula? (A) Cu(NH3) (B) Cu(NO3)2 (C) Cu(OH)2 (D) (E) CuO

5. Which gas has the highest density? (A) He (B) Cl2 (C) CH4 (D) NH3 (E) all the gases have the same density

6. Which of the following statements (I-IV) about "oxidation and reduction" is (are) true? I: cannot occur independently of each other； II: accompany all chemical changes； III: describe the loss and gain of electron(s), respectively； IV: result in a change in the oxidation states of the species involved (A) I only (B) II only (C) III only (D) IV only (E) I, III, and IV

7. The value of the equilibrium constant K is dependent on: I: the temperature of the system； II: the nature of the reactants and products； III: the concentration of the reactants； IV: the concentration of the products. (A) I and II only (B) II and III only (C) III and IV only (D) three of these (E) none of these

8. For which gas do the molecules have the highest average velocity? (A) He (B) Cl2 (C) CH4 (D) NH3 (E) the molecules of all the gases have the same average velocity

9. Consider the following equilibrium: H2(g) + I2(s)⥨ 2HI(g) ΔΗ = +68.0 kJ/mol Which of the following statements about the equilibrium is false? (A) if the system is heated, the right side is favored (B) this is a heterogeneous equilibrium (C) if the pressure on the system is increased by changing the volume, the left side is favored (D) adding more H2(g) increases the equilibrium constant (E) removing HI as it forms forces the equilibrium to the right

10. According to the Brønsted-Lowry definition, an acid is (A) a substance that increases the hydroxide ion concentration in a solution (B) a substance that increases the hydrogen ion concentration in a solution (C) a substance that can accept a proton from another species in solution (D) a substance that can donate a proton to another species (E) an electron pair acceptor.

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