20. Which of the following was the least likely factor in the Cambrian explosion?
(A) the accumulation of diverse adaptations such as shells and different modes of locomotion
(B) the accumulation of sufficient atmospheric oxygen to support the more active metabolism of mobile animals
(C) the movement of animals onto land
(D) the evolution of fox genes that controlled development

(E) the emergence of predator-prey relationships between animals

1. The main explanation for the lack of a continuing abiotic origin of life on Earth today is that (A) there are no molten surfaces on which weak solutions of organic molecules would polymerize. (B) all habitable places are already filled. (C) our oxidizing atmosphere is not conducive to the spontaneous formation of complex molecules. (D) there is not sufficient lightning to provide an energy source. (E) much less visible light is reaching Earth to serve as an energy source.

2. Which of the following represents a probable order in the biological history of Earth?(A) an oxidizing atmosphere followed by a reducing atmosphere(B) metabolism before mitosis(C) animals before algae(D) DNA genes before RNA genes(E) eukaryotes before prokaryotes

3. The oxygen revolution changed Earth's environment dramatically. Which of the following adaptations took advantage of this change?(A) the persistence of some animal groups in anaerobic habitats(B) the evolution of chloroplasts when early protists engulfed photosynthetic cyanobacteria(C) the evolution of photosynthetic pigments that protected early algae from the corrosive effects of oxygen(D) the evolution of cellular respiration, which used oxygen to help harvest energy from fuel molecules(E) the evolution of multicellular eukaryotic colonies from symbiotic communities of prokaryotes

4. Which of the following statements about the domains of prokaryotes is not true?(A) The lipid composition of the plasma membrane found in archaea is different from that of bacteria.(B) Both archaea and bacteria have cell walls, but the walls of archaea lack peptidoglycan.(C) Archaea and bacteria probably diverged very early in evolutionary history.(D) Bacteria include the cyanobacteria.(E) Of the two groups, bacteria are more closely related to eukaryotes.

5. Which of the following groups is mismatched with its members?(A) Proteobacteria-diverse gram-negative bacteria(B)Gram-positive bacteria diverse pathogens whose endotoxins are components of their outer membrane(C)Chlamydias intracellular parasites(D)Cyanobacteria solitary and filamentous colonies exhibiting oxygenic photosynthesis(E) Spirochetes helical heterotrophs

6. An example of bioremediation is(A) the genetic engineering of bacteria to produce human proteins and useful chemical products.(B) the introduction of parasitic bacteria to kill other bacteria.(C) the use of prokaryotes to treat sewage or clean up oil spills.(D) the use of antibiotics produced by cultured prokaryotes.(E) all of the above.

7. Which of the following organisms are incorrectly paired with their description?(A) diplomonads_protists lacking mitochondria(B) rhizopods_naked and shelled amoebas(C) forams_flagellated algae, free_living or symbiotic(D) apicomplexans-parasites with complex life cycles(E) actinopods-planktonic with slender, raylike axopodia

8. You find a colorful, weblike, amoeboid mass on a rotting log. After a dry period, you note stalked fruiting bodies growing up from this multinucleate mass. What is the probable identity of this organism?(A) water mold(B) plasmodial slime mold(C) cellular slime mold(D) foram(E) euglenoid

9. Which of the following characteristics supports molecular evidence for combining the dinoflagellates, apicomplexans, and ciliates in the monophyletic clade Alveolata?(A) All are pathogenic.(B)Their flagella or cilia are organized with the 9 + 2 microtubular ultrastructure.(C) All are found exclusively in freshwater or marine habitats.(D) All possess mitochondria.(E) The three groups have small membrane-bound alveoli under their cell surfaces.

10. Which of the following characteristics of plants is absent in their closest relatives, the charophycean algae?(A) formation of a cell plate during cytokinesis(B) chlorophyll &(C) sexual reproduction(D) alternation of multicellular generations(E) cellulose in cell walls

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