21. Following a nerve impulse, what triggers the opening of plasma membrane voltage-gated Ca2+ channels?
(A) Membrane hyperpolarization
(B) Endocytosis
(C) Membrane depolarization
(D) Membrane potential becomes more negative
(E) Binding of glucose

複選題17. Which can be determined by NGS (next generation sequencing)? 1. Genomic DNA sequence 2. Expression of non-coding RNA 3. DNA methylation 4. Histone modification 5. Chromosome conformation 6. Protein structure (A) 1,2,3,4 (B) 1,2,3,4,5 (C) 1,2,3,4,5.6 (D) 1,2 (E) 1,2,3

18. Which of the following can be determined by Western blotting (PAGE)? 1. Protein size 2. The amount of proteins  3. The presence of particular proteins 4. Enzyme activity 5. Interaction of protein and DNA 6. Protein structure (A) 1, 2,3,4 (B) 1,2,3,4,5 (C) 1,2,3,4,5,6 (D) 1,2 (E) 1.2,3

19. Which description is CORRECT for exosomes (vesicles)? 1. Membrane-bound extracellular vesicles 2. Contain RNA and proteins 3. Transfer molecules from one cell to another cell 4. Are produced in the endosomal compartment 5. Contain metabolites  6. The diameter is typically below 100 nm (A) 1, 2,3,4 (B) 1,2,3,4,5 (C) 1,2,3,4,5,6 (D) 1,2 (E) 1,2.3

20. Most protein kinases transfer phosphate groups to which amino acid(s)? 1. Glutamate  2. Threonine 3. Serine  4. Tyrosine  5. Lysine  6. Arginine (A) 1,2,3,4 (B) 2,3,5 (C) 1,2,3 (D)2.3.4 (E) 1,2,6

22. Which description is INCORRECT for oncogene? (A) A gene that has potential to cause cancer (B) RAS and MYC are oncogenes (C) BRCA1 and p53 are oncogenes (D) The pro-oncogene can become an oncogene by a small modification of its original function. (E) Proto-oncogenes code for proteins that help cell proliferation

23. Which description is CORRECT for DNA double-strand break? 1. It can induce non-homologous end joining repair 2. It can induce homologous recombination 3. It involves in VDJ recombination, the process that generates diversity on T cell receptors 4. Massive DNA double-strand breaks can lead to cell death 5. It induces H2AX phosphorylation (A) 1,2,3,4 (B) 2.3,5 (C) 1,2,3 (D) 1,3,4 (E) 1,2,3,4,5,6

24. Which methods can analyze the interaction of DNA and proteins? 1. EMSA (electrophoretic mobility shift assay) 2. Chromatin Immunoprecipitation  3. Yeast two-hybrid system 4. ChIP-seq 5. RNA-seq (A) 1, 2,3,4 (B) 2.3,5 (C) 1,2,3 (D) 1,2,4 (E) 1,2,3,4,5,6

25. Mullis amplified a DNA sequence from genomic DNA by polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR), but he got different sizes of PCR products. Which of the following can improve the specificity? (A) Increase the melting temperate (B) Increase the amount of Taq polymerase (C) Increase the amount of dNTP (D) Increase the concentration of genomic DNA (E) Decrease the temperature of the initial denaturation step

26. George would like to clone X gene into a plasmid. The length of cDNA sequences of X gene, a protein coding gene. is 3000 bp. X protein has ________ amino acids, and its mass is about ________ kDa. Note: Average molecular weight of an amino acid is about 110 daltons. (A)3000, 30 (B) 1000, 110 (C) 1000, 33 (D) 1000, 330 (E) 3000, 330

27. Jennifer ordered the primers for the PCR reaction and received dried oligos in the tubes. She got 30 nanomoles (nmol) oligos of the forward primer, and 25 nanomoles (nmol) oligos of the reverse primer. She would like to the prepare stock solution in 100 nM. How much water should be added into the tubes to make the stock solutions for these primers? (A)300 µl for the forward primer, 250 µl for the reverse primer (B) 30 µl for the forward primer, 25 µl for the reverse primer (C) 3 ml for the forward primer, 2.5 ml for the reverse primer (D)3 µl for the forward primer, 2.5 µl for the reverse primer (E) 30 ml for the forward primer, 25 ml for the reverse primer