阿摩線上測驗
22 有關物質使用障礙的社會文化影響相關因素之敘述，下列何者正確？
(A)匿名者戒酒協會是依據道徳脆弱模式（moral weakness model）運作
(B)道徳脆弱模式（moral weakness model）認為對待物質使用者的最好方式是提供治療
(C)青少年物質使用者的自我延續型態（self-perpetuating pattern），使他們的物質使用程度超過
基因的影響
(D) ALDH2 基因對喝酒有保護功能，不會因文化規範（cultural norms）而有減弱
統計： A(153), B(59), C(389), D(37), E(0) #2418687
詳解 (共 3 筆)
A.匿名者戒酒協會（Alcoholics Anonymous, AA）：
• 依據道德脆弱模式（moral weakness model）運作的說法是錯誤的。AA的運作基礎是疾病模型（disease model），將酗酒視為一種慢性疾病，而非道德上的缺陷。
B.道德脆弱模式（moral weakness model）：
• 道德脆弱模式認為物質使用是個人的道德失敗，因此主張懲罰而非治療是最佳方式。
C.自我延續型態（self-perpetuating pattern）：
• 青少年物質使用者的行為模式可能會形成一種自我延續的循環，使得他們的物質使用程度可能超過基因的影響。這表明行為和環境因素在物質使用上的顯著影響。
D.ALDH2 基因與文化規範：
• ALDH2基因對於酒精代謝具有保護功能，減少飲酒的生理負面反應。然而，這種基因影響可能會因文化規範而改變。例如，在一些文化中，儘管有這種基因的人可能會嘗試飲酒以符合社會期望。
Abnormal Psychology CH11 P423
Moral Weakness Model of Chemical Dependence 道德脆弱模式
drug use is seen as a failure of self-control in the face of temptation; this is a psychosocial perspective（面對誘惑或自我控制失敗）. Proponents of this model see drug users as lacking the character or moral fiber to resist the lure of drugs. （缺乏抵禦物質的誘惑）The Catholic Church made drug abuse an official sin - and indication of its disdain.
Disease Model of Depencence
drug dependence is underlying psysiological disorder; this is a biological perspective. Those who ascribe to this model think that just as DM or asthma can't be blamd on the afflicted individuals, neither should drug dependence. AA and similar organizations see drug dependence as an incurable disease over which addict has no contriol.
簡單來說就是覺得成癮跟其他疾病一樣不能歸咎在患者身上。匿名戒酒會或相關組織將物質依賴視為一種無法治療的疾病。（A, B）
C.
Research suggests that drug-addicted patents spend less time monitoring their children than parents without drug problems and that this is an important contribution to early adolescent sunstance use. When parents do not provide appropriate supervision, their child tend to develop friendhip with peers who use drugs as well. A self-perpetuating pattern seems to be associated with drug use that extends beyond the genetic influences we discussed previosly.（選項C的原文在此）
簡單來說就是有藥酒癮的家長又不花時間管管孩子，相較於沒有藥酒癮的家長，前者的孩子更可能在青春早期就使用物質，也傾向跟用藥的同儕互動。
D. P424
People of Asain descent are more likely to have the ALDH2 gene, which produces a severe "flushing" effect (reddening and burning of the face) after drinking alcohol. This flussing effect was thought to be responsible for a relatively low rate of drinking in the population. However, between 1979 and 1992 - when increased drinking became socially expected- there was an increase in alcohol abuse. The protective value of having ALDH2 gene was diminished by the change in cultural norms. 簡單來說因為亞洲人缺乏ALDH2基因，代謝酒精能力不好，喝了會起酒疹，所以不太喝酒。
BUT 1979-1992 卻有增加酗酒，顯然保護因子會因文化規範而減弱。
