22. Which of the following RNA species is most abundant in the human cells?
(A) mRNA.
(B) rRNA.
(C) tRNA.
(D) microRNA.

23. Which of the following statements is not correct? (A) Transcription and translation in bacterial are coupled. (B) rRNA is transcribed by a RNA polymerase in eukaryotes. (C) Most of the eukaryotic genes are transcribed as poly-cistronic mRNAs. (D) Most genes in the prokaryotic genome have no introns.

24. Which of the following DNA elements that locates several thousand base pairs upstream or downstream of a eukaryotic promoter and is capable of up-regulating gene expression when appropriate signal pathways are activated? (A) TATA-box. (B) Initiator sequences. (C) Enhancers. (D) Silencers.

25. Which of the following is not required for a PCR reaction? (A) Primers. (B) Topoisomerases. (C) DNA polymerases. (D) dNTPs.

26. Which of the following enzymatic activity is the best functional description of telomerase? (A) DNA-dependent DNA polymerase. (B) DNA-dependent RNA polymerase. (C) RNA-dependent DNA polymerase. (D) RNA-dependent RNA polymerase.

27. Which of the following phylogenetic history is considered correct? (A) Jawed animals appeared earlier than vertebrates. (B) Vertebrate appeared earlier than notochord. (C) Mineralized skeleton appeared earlier than lungs or lung derivatives. (D) Amniotic egg appeared earlier than jawed animals.

28. Extracellular compartmentalization of digestive processes is an evolutionary adaptation in many animal phyla. Which of the following phyla is correctly paired with the compartment that first evolved in that phylum? (A) Cnidaria gastrovascular cavity. (B) Arthropoda stomach. (C) Chordata liver. (D) Annelida complete alimentary canal

29. A puppy is born with a malformed right leg. A veterinarian studies the animal and determines that all of the correct types of cells are present, but that the leg simply took on the wrong shape. Which of the following is most likely the problem? (A) Morphogenesis. (B) Cell differentiation. (C) Histogenesis. (D) Fertilization.

30. Assume that successful reproduction in a rare salamander species, wherein all individuals are females, relies on those females having access to sperm from males of another species but that the resulting embryos show no signs of a genetic contribution from the sperm. In this case, the sperm appear to be used only for which of the following? (A) Egg activation (B) Creation of a diploid cell. (C) Epigenesis. (D) Cell differentiation.

31. The fluid under a blister or the lymph that bathes the interstitial spaces between organs is very watery compared with the viscosity of blood plasma. Why? (A) The viscosity of blood is completely due to blood cells that never leave the vessels. (B) These fluids are primarily water produced by cell respiration, and they are discarded interstitially. (C) The capillaries use active transport to retrieve large molecules that leaked away. (D) Large molecules, such as plasma albumin, rarely cross the capillary wall.

32. Which of the following is the pacemaker of the cardiac conduction system? (A) Sinoatrial node. (B) Medulla oblongata. (C) Purkinje fibers. (D) Atrioventricular node.

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