23. For eukaryotes, where are the complexes of electron transport located?
(A) Cytosol
(B) Outer mitochondrial membrane
(C) Mitochondrial intermembrane space
(D) Inner mitochondrial membrane
(E) Mitochondrial matrix

24. Which combination of cofactors is involved in the conversion of pyruvate to acetyl-CoA? (A) TPP, lipoic acid, and NAD+ (B) Biotin, NAD+, and FAD (C) Biotin, FAD, and TPP (D) Pyridoxal phosphate, FAD, and lipoic acid (E) NAD+, biotin, and TPP

25. Which ligand can bind to a receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK)? (A) Thyroxine (B) Epinephrine (C) Glucagon (D) Insulin (E) Cortisol

26. The flow of electrons through the electron transport chain and the synthesis of ATP are normally tightly connected in mitochondria. Which of the following disconnects these two processes? (A) Cyanide (B) Oligomycin (C) Uncoupling protein 1 (D) Carbon monoxide (E) Hydrogen sulfide

27. A patient with type 2 diabetes is treated with a GLP-1 receptor agonist. Which of the following is the most likely metabolic effect of this drug? (A) Increased gastric emptying (B) Enhanced insulin release by the pancreas (C) Decreased glucose-dependent insulin secretion (D) Increased glucagon secretion during hyperglycemia (E) Increased hepatic gluconeogenesis

28. An HIV-positive person asks why their immune system is weakened. You explain that this is most likely because HIV primarily infects and depletes which type of immune cells? (A) B cells (B) Neutrophils (C) Erythrocytes (D) Cytotoxic T cells (E) Helper T cells

29. Which of the following vitamins is correctly paired with the disease that is caused by its deficiency? (A) Biotin: scurvy (B) Folic acid: rickets (C) Nicotinamide: pellagra (D) Thiamine: anemia (E) Pantothenic acid: beriberi

30. Amphetamine and mescaline act as agonists of which neurotransmitter, often called the “pleasure” chemical? (A) Serotonin (B) Gamma-aminobutyric acid (C) N-methyl-D-aspartate (D) Glutamate (E) Dopamine

31. Which organelle is primarily responsible for detoxification of drugs and poisons in liver cells? (A) Lysosome (B) Mitochondria (C) Golgi apparatus (D) Smooth endoplasmic reticulum (E) Rough endoplasmic reticulum

32. Which of the following statements about hormones and carbohydrate metabolism is NOT correct? (A) Thyroxine promotes cellular oxidation of glucose; parathyroid hormone inhibits glucose oxidation. (B) Thyroxine secretion can be regulated by the hypothalamus and the pituitary gland. (C) Insulin and glucagon act antagonistically to maintain blood glucose homeostasis. (D) Starvation leads to an increase in glucagon secretion. (E) Hypothyroidism (low thyroid function) can lead to carbohydrate accumulation in tissues.

33. Which of the following statements about human excretion is correct? (A) The nephron is the structural unit of the kidney, composed of Bowman's capsule, the renal tubule, the glomerulus, and the collecting duct. (B) Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) increases urine volume by promoting sodium excretion in the collecting duct. (C) The filtrate that passes from the glomerulus into Bowman's capsule consists entirely of waste products with no useful substances. (D) The primary function of the renal tubule is reabsorption; it plays no role in the secretion of waste substances into the filtrate. (E) Kidney function is regulated by secretions from the parathyroid glands, the posterior pituitary gland, and the adrenal glands.

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