24. In eukaryotic cells, transcription cannot begin until _______
(A)the DNA introns are removed from the template.
(B)the two DNA strands have completely separated and exposed the promoter.
(C)several transcription factors have bound to the promoter.
(D)the 5’ caps are removed from the mRNA.
(E)the mitosis of cell division

20. In his work with pneumonia‐causing bacteria and mice, Griffith found that ______(A)the protein coat from pathogenic cells was able to transform nonpathogenic cells. (B)some substance from pathogenic cells was transferred to nonpathogenic cells, making them pathogenic. (C)the polysaccharide coat of bacteria caused pneumonia. (D)heat‐killed pathogenic cells caused pneumonia. (E)the third and fourth answers are correct.

21. The elongation of the leading strand during DNA synthesis (A)depends on the action of DNA polymerase. (B)occurs in the 3’→5’direction. (C)produces Okazaki fragments. (D)progresses away from the replication fork. (E)dependents on the activity of helicase

22. The spontaneous loss of amino groups from adenine in DNA results in hypoxanthine, an uncommon base, opposite thymine. What combination of proteins could repair such damage? (A)telomerase, primase, DNA polymerase (B)telomerase, helicase, single‐strand binding protein (C)nuclease, DNA polymerase, DNA ligase (D)DNA ligase, replication fork proteins, adenylyl cyclase (E)helicase, RNA primer, Okazaki fragments

23. Which of the following is true of a codon? (A)It never codes for the same amino acid as another codon. (B)It can be either in DNA or in RNA. (C)It is the basic unit of protein structure. (D)It can code for more than one amino acid. (E)Multiple codons can form complexes

25. Which of the following tools of DNA technology is incorrectly paired with its use? (A)reverse transcriptase−producƟon of cDNA from mRNA (B)DNA ligase−cuƫng DNA, creaƟng sƟcky ends of restricƟon fragments (C)electrophoresis−separaƟon of DNA fragments (D)DNA polymerase−polymerase chain reacƟon to amplify secƟons of DNA (E)RestricƟon enzyme−digest DNA molecules with specific sequence features

26. Animals that possess homologous structures probably __________. (A)have increased genetic diversity (B)are not related (C)are headed for extinction (D)had similar mutations in the past by chance (E)evolved from the same ancestor

27. By definition, a clade is __________. (A)parsimonious (B)polyphyletic (C)monophyletic (D)paraphyletic (E)analogous

28. Which of the following is true of microevolution? (A)it is the kind of evolution that can change the relative abundance of a particular allele in a gene pool over the course of generations (B)it is evolution that influences only a small subset of the populations that comprise a species (C)it is evolution that is restricted to individual organisms (D)it is evolution that involves only tiny changes to DNA, such as point mutations, producing only small (if any) changes to phenotype (E)it is evolution that results in the origin of small numbers of new species

29. Which of the following animals uses the largest percentage of its energy budget for homeostatic regulation? (A)snake in a temperate forest (B)desert bird (C)marine jelly (an invertebrate) (D)desert insect (E)pond turtle

30. Which of the following would increase the rate of heat exchange between an animal and its environment? (A)wind blowing across the body surface (B)feathers or fur (C)countercurrent heat exchanger (D)vasoconstriction (E)ATP synthesis