24. Which of the following is a common second messenger in signal transduction pathways?
(A) Epinephrin
(B) Inositol triphosphate
(C) GABA
(D) Acetylcholine

25. What is the function of nuclear receptors (A) To bind to steroid hormones in the nucleus and promote the transcription of specific genes (B) To bind to specific neurotransmitters and initiate a signaling cascade (C) To bind to cytokines on nucleus membrane and regulate the gene expression (D) To transport extracellular signaling molecules into the nucleus

26. Which one of the following molecules containing a glycosidic bond? (A)β-D-galactosamine. (B) methyl-B-D-glucoside. (C) 2-deoxy-a-D-ribose. (D) β-D-glucose-6-phosphate. (E) a-D-fructose-1,6-bisphosphate.

27.The statements below for 2,3-bisphosphoglycerate (2,3-BPG) are correct EXCEPT: (A) erythrocytes typically have high levels of 2,3-BPG. (B) 2,3-BPG is synthesized from 1,3-BPG. (C) a kinase converts 2,3-BPG to 3-phosphoglycerate. (D) 2,3-BPG is involved in unloading oxygen from hemoglobin. (E) bisphosphoglycerate mutase is an isomerase.

28. Which one of the glycolytic enzymes below generates a mixed anhydride from phosphoric acid? (A) enolase. (B) phosphofructokinase. (C) glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase. (D) phosphoglycerate kinase. (E) aldolase.

29.Order the coenzymes according to their participation sequence within pyruvate dehydrogenase complex. A. NAD+, B. CoA-SH, C. TPP, D. Lipoate (lipoamide), E. [FAD] (A) A, B,C,D,E (B) C, B, A, E,D (C) C, D, B, E, A (D) B, D, E, A, C (E) C, E, D, B, A

30. Which of the following processes constitute the two-step reaction catalyzed by isocitrate dehydrogenase involves? A. β-decarboxylation expelling the a-keto carboxyl as CO2., B. oxidation of the C-2 alcohol of isocitrate to form oxalosuccinate.,C. oxidation of the C-2 alcohol to form oxaloacetate., D.  β-elimination expelling the central carboxyI group as CO2. (A) A and B (B) Band C (C) Cand D (D) A and C (E) Band D

31 .All of statements below are characteristics of the malate-aspartate shuttle EXCEPT: (A) OAA translocates inner mitochondrial membrane. (B) electrons of cytosolic NADH are translocated to mitochondrial NADH. (C) uses two malate dehydrogenase enzymes. (D) reactions are reversible. (E) involves transamination.

32. Which of the following path describe the electron flow in the mitochondria? (A) NADH → FMN Coenzyme Q → Cyt A -Cyt B →Cyt C→O2 (B) NADH →FMN →Cyt B →Coenzyme Q → Cyt C → Cyt A →O2 (C) FMNH2 →NAD →Coenzyme Q  →Cyt B →Cyt C → Cyt A → O2 (D) NADH →FMN →Coenzyme Q  →Cyt B →Cyt C → Cyt A →O2 (E)NADH  →FMN → Cyt B  →Cyt C →Coenzyme Q →Cyt A →O2

33. Which of the following enzymes is used in both gluconeogenesis and glycolysis? (A) fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase (B) glucose-6-phosphatase (C) pyruvate carboxylase (D) phosphoglucoisomerase (E) PEPcarboxykinase

34. The statements below are characteristics of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase EXCEPT: (A) located in the mitochondria. (B) strongly inhibited by [NADPH]. (C) inhibited by fatty acid-CoA. (D) uses NADP+ as a coenzyme. (E) forms a cyclic ester (lactone) of 6-phosphogluconate.

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