27. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) is a well-known technique to amplify DNA fragments conveniently. Please estimate the theoretical numbers of DNA fragments when 22 cycles was carried out in a PCR reaction to amplify a DNA fragment with a pair of primers:
(A)~500,000
(B)~1,000,000
(C)~2,000,000
(D) ~4,000,000

39. mRNA will form hybrids only with the coding strand of DNA because: (A) DNA will not reanneal at high temperatures (B) the salt concentration will affect DNA reannealing (C) DNA will not reanneal at low temperatures (D) RNA:DNA hybridization follows the base-pairing rules

40. Which of the following is not involved in regulating the synthesis of RNA in the eukaryotic nucleus? (A) active genes in euchromatin, and inactive genes in heterochromatin (B) amplification of some genes such as rRNA genes (C) use of different RNA polymerases to transcribe different classes of RNA (D) spliceosomes that stimulate synthesis of intron-containing hnRNAS

41. Yeast artificial chromosomes contain which of the following elements? (A) centromeres only (B) telomeres only (C) origin of replication only (D) centromeres, telomeres, and an origin of replication

42. Which of the following best describes the complete sequence of steps occurring during every cycle of PCR? 1. The primers hybridize to the target DNA.  2. The mixture is heated to a high temperature to denature the double-stranded target DNA. 3. Fresh DNA polymerase is added. 4. DNA polymerase extends the primers to make a copy of the target DNA. (A) 2, 1, 4 (B) 1, 3, 2, 4 (C) 3, 4, 1, 2 (D) 3, 4, 2

43. Which of the following is used to make complementary DNA (cDNA) from RNA? (A) restriction enzymes (B) gene cloning (C) DNA ligase (D) reverse transcriptase

44. Pax-6 is a gene that is involved in eye formation in many invertebrates, such as Drosophila. Pax-6 is found as well in vertebrates. A Pax-6 gene from a mouse can be expressed in a fly and the protein (PAX-6) leads to a compound fly eye. This information suggests which of the following? (A) Pax-6 genes are identical in nucleotide sequence. (B) PAX-6 proteins have identical amino acid sequences. (C) Pax-6 is highly conserved and shows shared evolutionary ancestry. (D) PAX-6 proteins are different for formation of different kinds of eyes.

45. The first cloned cat, called Carbon Copy, was a calico, but she looked significantly different from her female parent. Why? (A) The environment, as well as genetics, affects phenotypic variation. (B) Fur color genes in cats are influenced by differential acetylation patterns. (C) Cloned animals have been found to have a higher frequency of transposon activation (D) X inactivation in the embryo is random and produces different patterns.

46. DNA microarrays have made a huge impact on genomic studies because they (A) can be used to eliminate the function of any gene in the genome. (B) can be used to introduce entire genomes into bacterial cells. (C) allow the expression of many or even all of the genes in the genome to be compared at once. (D) allow physical maps of the genome to be assembled in a very short time.

1. Which of the following statements is incorrect: (A) protein may be used as primer to initiate DNA synthesis (B) the RNA synthesized by RNA polymerase can not be used as a primer to initiate DNA synthesis (C) a nick in the DNA may be used to initiate DNA synthesis, (D) replication of DNA in Escherichia coli cells is initiated at a region called oriC

2. The DNA isolated from two organisms A and B was found to contain unique sequence (i.e., no repetitive sequences). The values for A- and B-DNA were 20 and 2 M s, respectively. These results suggest that: (A) the size of A-DNA is ten times larger than B-DNA (B) the size of B-DNA is ten times larger than A-DNA (C) the sizes of A-DNA and B-DNA are the same (D) A-DNA is circular and B-DNA is linear

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