阿摩線上測驗
28 According to the passage, what caused GM’s low competitiveness?
(A) It produced low quality products.
(B) Its employees were not satisfied with their work.
(C) It changed its management approach too drastically.
(D) It adopted the self-interest model in its management structure.
答案：登入後查看
統計： A(13), B(23), C(10), D(53), E(0) #3564540
統計： A(13), B(23), C(10), D(53), E(0) #3564540
詳解 (共 2 筆)
yu
#7441977
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逐句翻譯
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There are examples from industry where presumption假定 of the self-interest model yields產生 inferior劣等 results.
產業界中有許多實例證明，預設自利模型會導致較差的結果。
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In the early 1980s, after a long history of low productivity, low quality products, and low employee jobsatisfaction,
在 1980 年代初期，經過長期的低生產力、低品質產品和低員工工作滿意度後，
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a GM plant in California shut down關閉 its operation.
位於加州的一家通用汽車（GM）工廠關閉了。
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Shortly thereafter, it entered a venture創業 withToyota called the New United Motor引擎 Manufacturing製造業, Inc. (NUMMI).
此後不久，它與豐田（Toyota）合資成立了新聯合汽車製造公司（NUMMI）。
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Under this new merger, GMprovided the plant and Toyota took over the management.
在這次的新合作中，通用汽車提供廠房，豐田則接管了管理權。
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The central difference between the old GMplant and the NUMMI plant was their management structure.
舊通用汽車工廠與 NUMMI 工廠之間的核心差異在於它們的管理結構。
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Toyota’s success in the automotive industry汽車工業 has been attributed to its innovation in management and to its shift away移開 from the GM assembly集會 line modeland presumption假定 of self-interest to an emphasis on other values such as teamwork.
豐田在汽車產業的成功，歸功於其管理創新，以及從通用汽車的裝配線模式與自利預設，轉向強調團隊合作等其他價值觀。
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Advances in……方面的進展 the evolutionary演化的 theory also challenge the selfish actor model. 演化理論的發展也挑戰了自私行為者模型。
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A central puzzle forevolution演化學 has been to explain how “altruism利他主義,” understood in the生物 context to……的背景 impose強加 a fitness coston適應度代價 its actor and confer a benefit給予利益 to its recipient接受者, could have evolved in nature.
演化學的一個核心難題是解釋生物學背景下被理解為「會對行為者造成適應度代價、並為接受者帶來利益」的「利他主義」（altruism），如何在自然界中演化而來。
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Given that natural selectionselects against fitness-decreasing降低適應度 traits, it seems that altruism—the disposition性格 to sacrifice oneself for thegood of the others—ought to have been eliminated.
鑑於天擇會淘汰降低適應度的特徵，利他主義——即為他人福祉而犧牲自我的傾向——似乎早就應該被淘汰了。
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Darwin suggested that traits that work to the detriment不利於 of the individual could evolve if they were traits that benefitted the group to which that individual belonged.
達爾文提出，不利於個體的特徵若能造福該個體所屬的群體，便可能演化出來。
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According to this hypothesis (known as “group selection”),
根據這個被稱為「群選說」（group selection）的假說，
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some behaviors or traits evolved because members of groups containing those traits did better than members of groups that did not.
某些行為或特徵之所以演化出來，是因為擁有這些特徵的群體成員，其表現優於沒有這些特徵的群體成員。
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While altruistic利他 behaviors may be individually disadvantageous compared to selfish behaviors at the individuallevel,
雖然在個體層面上，利他行為與自私行為相比可能處於不利地位，
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groups of altruistic individuals will be at a selective advantage over groups of selfish individuals.
但利他個體組成的群體，將在天擇上比自私個體組成的群體更具優勢。
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28 According to the passage, what caused GM’s low competitiveness競爭力?
(A) It produced low quality products.
(B) Its employees were not satisfied with their work.
(C) It changed its management approach too drastically大幅度地.
它改變其管理方式過於劇烈（或：它大幅度地改變了它的管理方式）
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(D) It adopted the self-interest model in its management structure.
它在管理結構中採用了自利模型。
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