30. In eukaryotic cells, distal control elements that can be located far upstream or downstream of a gene are called_____.
(A) promoters
(B) enhancers
(C) transcription factors
(D) TATA boxes

31. In the trp operon of E. coli, what is the specific role of tryptophan in the negative regulation of gene expression? (A) It acts as an inducer that inactivates the repressor. (B) It binds to the operator to block RNA polymerase directly. (C) It functions as a corepressor that activates the trp repressor. (D) It increases the level of cyclic AMP to stimulate the promoter.

32. In the hormonal control of the male reproductive system, what is the specific function of inhibin? (A) Inhibin provides negative feedback to the anterior pituitary to reduce FSH secretion. (B) Inhibin acts on the hypothalamus to increase the secretion of GnRH. (C) Inhibin triggers the thickening of the endometrium for potential implantation. (D) Inhibin stimulates the Leydig cells to produce more testosterone.

33. Which of the following is a key difference between spermatogenesis and oogenesis in humans? (A) Spermatogenesis involves only mitosis, while oogenesis involves only meiosis. (B) Spermatogenesis results in four functional gametes from one precursor cell, whereas oogenesis produces only one functional egg. (C) Oogenesis is a continuous process that begins at adolescence and producing persistently. (D) Primary oocytes complete meiosis II before birth.

34. Marine organisms with porous shells made of organic material hardened by calcium carbonate. (A) foraminiferan (B) opisthokont (C) unikons (D) cercozoan

35. The nitrogen-fixing activity of cyanobacteria takes place in (A) chloroplast (B) thylakoid (C) cell envelope (D) heterocyte

36. What is the difference between the cell walls of Bacteria and Archaea? (A) Archaea are without cell walls. (B) Bacterial cell walls contain peptidoglycan, but cell walls of Archaea lack peptidoglycan. (C) Archaea have simpler walls, while bacteria have a cell wall and an outer membrane. (D) Archaea have complex cell walls, while bacteria lack peptidoglycan.

37. Which of the following statements best describes CRISPR? (A) CRISPR is a RNA sequence that complements the target DNA. (B) CRISPR contains nuclease to destroy target DNA. (C) CRISPR is present in archaea and bacteria. (D) CRISPR is only existed in bacteria.

38. Which of the following hormones stimulates the release of bicarbonate to neutralize chyme? (A) cholecystokinin (B) gastrin (C) secretin (D) ghrelin

39. Which one of the following structures has the most similar function of capsule? (A) fimbriae (B) slime layer (C) outer membrane (D) cell wall

40. In which of the stages of viral life cycle do enveloped viruses usually acquire their envelopes? (A) release (B) assembly (C) maturation (D) replication

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