37. Germinated pollen grain is to___________ as___________is to female gametophyte.

(A) male gametophyte; embryo sac

(B) embryo sac; ovule

(C) petal; sepal

(D) anther; seed

(E) ovule; sporophyte

38. A plant that is self-incompatible has a genotype of S5S9 for the S-locus. It receives pollen from a plant that is S3S9. Which of the following is most likely to occur?(A) About half of the pollen will germinate.(B) Fertilization will occur in about half of the flowers of the pollinated plant.(C) None of the pollen will germinate.(D) Pollen from the S3S9 plant will secrete ribonuclease that destroys epidermal cells of the $559 stigma.(E) All of the pollen will germinate, forming pollen tubes.

39. "Golden Rice" is a transgenic variety that (A) contains daffodil genes that increase the vitamin A content of the rice. (B) is resistant to a virus that commonly attacks rice fields. (C) is resistant to various herbicides and thus rice fields can be weeded with those herbicides. (D) includes bacterial genes that produce a toxin that reduces damage from insect pests. (E) produces much larger, golden grains that increase crop yields.

40. Which of the following is not a typical component of a signal-transduction pathway such as the one involved in producing the greening response? (A) activation of enzymes that produce second messengers such as cGMP (B) G-proteins acting as transcription factors that activate specific genes (C) activation of a G-protein by an activated receptor protein (D) phosphorylation of transcription factors (E) protein kinase cascades

41. Buds and sprouts often form on tree stumps. Which of the following hormones would you expect to stimulate their formation? (A) cytokinins (B) auxin (C) abscisic acid (D) gibberellins (E) ethylene

42. Which of the following is not part of the acid-growth hypothesis? (A) The wall fabric becomes looser (more plastic). (B) Auxin stimulates proton pumps in cell membranes. (C) The turgor pressure of the cell exceeds the restraining pressure of the loosened cell wall, and the cell takes up water and elongates. (D) Lowered pH results in the breakage of cross-links between cellulose microfibrils. (E) Auxin-activated proton pumps stimulate cell division in meristems.

43. Which of the following statements about bioenergetics is true? (A) A BMR can be determined only at a specific temperature. (B) Endotherms are warmed by metabolic heat. (C) Ectotherms and endotherms use the same basic energy "strategy." (D) Every animal has a specific metabolic rate that does not change. (E) An SMR is best measured just after an ectotherm has eaten.

44. Which of the following vertebrate organ systems does not open directly to the external environment? (A) circulatory system (B) excretory system (C) respiratory system (D) digestive system (E) reproductive system

45. Which of the following physiological responses is an example of positive feedback? (A) Stimulation of a nerve cell causes sodium ions to leak into the cell, and the sodium influx triggers the inward leaking of even more sodium. (B) The pituitary gland secretes a hormone called TSH, which stimulates the thyroid gland to secrete another hormone called thyroxine; a high concentration of thyroxine suppresses the pituitary's secretion of TSH. (C) The body's production of red blood cells, which transport oxygen from the lungs to other organs, is stimulated by a low concentration of oxygen. (D) A high concentration of carbon dioxide in the blood causes deeper, more rapid breathing, which expels carbon dioxide. (E) An increase in the concentration of glucose in the blood stimulates the pancreas to secrete insulin, a hormone that lowers blood glucose concentration.

46. The mammalian trachea and esophagus both open into the (A) stomach. (B) pharynx. (C) epiglottis. (D) rectum. (E) large intestine.

47. Individuals whose diet consists primarily of corn would likely become (A) malnourished. (B) overnourished. (C) undernourished. (D) anorexic. (E) obese.

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