37. What occurs during gastrulation?
(A) A solid embryo is changed into a hollow morula.
(B) A solid blastula is changed into a hollow embryo with a dorsal nerve cord.
(C) A hollow blastula is changed into a hollow embryo that has three tissue layers.
(D) A neural tube is created by invagination of the ectoderm.

33. Uplift and formation of a mountain range divide a freshwater snail species into two isolated populations. Erosion eventually lowers the mountain range and brings the two populations together again, but when they mate, the resulting hybrids all produce sterile young, This scenario is an example of (A) sympatric speciation. (B) allopatric speciation. (C) incomplete speciation. (D) diversifying speciation.

34. Cyanobacteria (A) are photosynthetic archaea. (B) are eukaryotes and the earliest type of algae. (C) are chemoautotrophs. (D) are the only prokaryotes with plantlike, oxygen-generating photosynthesis.

35. Which statement best describes the current scientific view of birds? (A) a group of feathered, endothermic dinosaurs (B) a group of feathered, ectothermic lizards that lack teeth (C) a group of flying, endothermic reptiles that have lost teeth, the amniotic. egg, and other beavy body features as an adaptation for flight (D) a group of flying mammals that are derived from monotremes, which also lay amniotic eggs

36. Which statement about blood pressure is FALSE? (A) Normal blood pressure for adult humans is usually at or below 120/80. (B) Hypertension is defined as persistent systolic pressure above 120 and/or diastolic above 80. (C) High blood pressure can lead to an enlarged and weakened heart, increased risk of heart attack, stroke, and kidney failure. (D) The higher number in a blood pressure reading measures the force of a heart contraction.

38. When a nursery worker pinches off the terminal buds on a young plant to make it grow bushy, which plant hormone, when produced, is mainly responsible for growth of side branches? (A) an auxin (B) a gibberellin (C) a cytokinin (D) abscisic acid (ABA)

39. Non-native species, such as cats and dogs in Taiwan, that are introduced to new environments, spread far beyond the original point of introduction, and cause damage are called (A) predators. (B) pets. (C) invasive species. (D) pathogens.

40. Global warming is a phenomenon in which global temperate is increasing as a result of increasing greenhouse gas concentrations in the atmosphere. Scientists believe that the Earth can tolerate X-Y degree Celsius temperature increase before it passes the point of no return and moves into a positive feedback loop. "X-Y" should be (A) 1-2 (B) 3-4 (C) 5-6 (D) 7-8

1. Which of the following is one of the ways that the membranes of winter wheat are able to remain fluid when it is extremely cold? (A) by increasing the percentage of unsaturated phospholipids in the membrane (B) by increasing the percentage of cholesterol molecules in the membrane (C) by decreasing the number of hydrophobic proteins in the membrane (D) by decreasing the number of cytoskeleton proteins (E) by using active transport

2. To repair a thymine dimmer by nucleotide excision repair, in which order do the necessary enzymes act? (A) exonuclease, DNA polymerase III, RNA primase (B) helicase, DNA polymerase I, DNA ligase (C) DNA ligase, nuclease, helicase (D) DNA polymerase I, DNA polymerase III, DNA Tigase (E) endonuclease, DNA polymerase I, DNA ligase

3. In eukaryotes there are several different types of RNA polymerase. Which type is involved in transcription of mRNA for a globin protein? (A) RNA polymerase I (B) RNA polymerase II (C) RNA polymerase III (D) ligase (E) primase