37. Which neurotransmitter is associated with reward, pleasure, and motivation?
(A) Dopamine
(B) Serotonin
(C) Acetylcholine
(D)GABA

33. Which one of the foliowing statements is NOT true regarding the human digestive system? (A) Cholecystokinin (CCK) is a hormone that induces gallbladder contraction to increase release of stored bile. (B)Secretin is produced in the duodenum and suppresses the release of gastric acid from the stomach. (C) Bile is produced by the liver, stored in the gallbladder and released intermittently into the duodenum, when needed to digest proteins. (D) Gastrin stimulants secretion of gastric acid.

34. Which one of the following statements is NOT true for the human circulation system? (A) The lymphatic system returns fluid that leaks out from the capillary beds. (B) Precapillary sphincters that control flow of blood between arterioles and venules. (C)Blood flows through only 5-10% of the body's capillaries at any given time. (D) The lymphatic system drains into capillaries in the neck.

35. Which of the following is NOT an example of an innate immune response? (A) Phagocytosis by macrophages (B) Activation of complement proteins (C) Production of antibodies by B cells (D) Release of antimicrobial peptides

36. What is the primary function of the hippocampus in the brain? (A) Regulation of body temperature (B) Storage and retrieval of memories (C) Control of balance and coordination (D) Modulation of emotional responses

38. What is the significance of alternative splicing in gene expression? (A) It increases the stability of mRNA molecules. (B) It allows for the production of multiple protein isoforms from a single gene. (C) It facilitates the transport of mRNA from the nucleus to the cytoplasm. (D) It prevents the degradation of mRNA molecules.

39. The process of programmed cell death that eliminates unnecessary or damaged cells during development is called: (A) Apoptosis (B) Cessation (C)Autophagy (D) Differentiation

40. Which of the following is NOT a post-transcriptional mechanism of gene expression regulation? (A) Alternative splicing (B)mRNA degradation (C)DNA methylation (D) Translation regulation

41. Which of the following is a characteristic of gene expression regulation in prokaryotes? (A) Presence of introns in the mRNA (B) Transcription and translation occur simultaneously (C) Extensive alternative splicing of pre-mRNA (D) Involvement of multiple RNA polymerases

42. Which enzyme is responsible for the synthesis of mRNA during transcription?(A) DNA polymerase (B) RNA polymerase I(C) RNA polymerase II(D) RNA polymerase III

43. The "Founder effect" is an example of: (A) Natural selection (B) Genetic drift (C)Gene flow (D) Mutation