39. Regarding the degradation of purine, all of the following molecules are the product of purine degradation EXCEPT:
(A) hypothanthine
(B) beta-alanine
(C) xanthine
(D) uric acid
(E) guanine

35. The enzyme, phosphoribosyltransferase, is involved in all of the following reactions except? (A) de novo synthesis of pyrimidine base (B) de novo synthesis of purine base (C) salvage reaction of pyrimidine base (D) salvage reaction of purine base (E) none of the above

36. Phospholipids contribute to cell functions except? (A) cell signaling (B) plasma membrane protein activation (C) mediator of acute inflammatory reaction (D) fat absorbtion in intestine (E) mitochondrial transport

37. Carnitine transport of fatty acids from the cytosol to the mitochondria is important for fatty acid catabolism. Which of the following statement is not ture? (A) the reaction is energy required (B) free carnitine and acyl-carnitine can be exchanged across mitochondrial inner membrane (C) release of CoASH from fatty acyl CoA in the cytosol side (D) carnitine:acylcarnitine translocase plays essential role in this reaction (E) carnitine palmitoyl transferase 1 and 2 located on outer- and inner- mitochondrial membrane, respectively.

38. Acetyl-CoA carboxylase deficiency is observed in newborn baby resulting to metabolic disorder. In case a baby is suffering from acetyl-CoA carboxylase deficiency, what metabolites will be accumulated in the urine and serum? (A) malonyl-CoA (B) long-chain fatty acids (C) hydroxybutyric acid (D) short-chain fatty acids (E) acetoacetic acid

40. 5-Bromouracil is a brominated derivative of uracil that acts as an anti-proliferation activity, which of the following statement is incorrect for 5-Bromouracil? (A) 5-Bromouracil acts as a base analog, substituting for thymine in DNA (B) 5-Bromouracil causes transition mutation of DNA (C) 5-Bromouracil used mainly as an experimental mutagen (D) The keto form of 5-Bromouracil is complementary to guanine, so it can be present in DNA either opposite adenine or guanine during DNA replication (E) 5-Bromouracil induces a point mutation via base substitution

41. Which of the following amino acids will migrate to the positive electrode on the electrophoresis paper at pH 6.0? (A) Lysine (B) Arginine (C) Tyrosine (D) Asparagine (E) Proline

42. Which chemical classification does proline belong to? (A) Amphipathic amino acid (B) Aromatic amino acid (C) Imino acid (D) Basic amino acid (E) Acidic amino acid

43. Which of the following metabolic enzymes is NOT directly regulated by the ATP level? (A) Pyruvate kinase M2 (B) Phosphofructokinase (C) Pyruvate dehydrogenase (D) Isocitrate dehydrogenase (E) a-Ketoglutarate dehydrogenase

44. A sample containing three proteins (A, B, and C) was analyzed by SDS-PAGE, as shown below. Size exclusion chromatography (also known as gel filtration) was utilized for their separation. Which protein will elute first through size exclusion chromatography? (A)A (B)B (C)C (D) It depends on the shape and oligomerization state of the proteins. (E) It depends on the isoelectric point (pI) of the proteins.

45. Which of the following statements accurately describes the Warburg effect? (A) It involves the preferential use of oxidative phosphorylation over glycolysis in cancer cells. (B) It describes the upregulation of gluconeogenesis in normal cells under hypoxic conditions. (C) It signifies the increased reliance of cancer cells on glycolysis, even in the presence of oxygen. (D) It indicates the decreased glucose uptake in tumors compared to healthy tissues. (E) The net effect is to increase the level of ATP.