39. Which of the following the represents the correct sequence of events for the Holiday model of homologous recombination?
(A) nicking, strand invasion, branch migration, ligation, crossed strand breakage, rejoining
(B) nicking, strand invasion, branch migration, crossed strand breakage, ligation, rejoining
(C) nicking, strand invasion, ligation, branch migration, crossed strand breakage, rejoining
(D) nicking, strand invasion, ligation, branch migration, isomerization, crossed strand breakage, rejoining

1. When a repressor binds to the operator site on the DNA it normally______.(A) terminates transcription that has already been initiated.(B) inhibits the initiation of transcription.(C) reduces the rate of transcription.(D) has no effect on transcription.

2. Posttranslational regulation occurs after a protein has been synthesized, and can occur by______. (A) covalent modification. (B) allosteric regulation. (C) feedback inhibition. (D) allosteric regulation and covalent modification are both means of regulation after translation is complete.

3. Which of the following can lead to transition mutations? (A) A small insertion or deletion. (B) Incorporation of a base analog that exhibits different base-pairing properties from the base it replaces. (C) Chemical modification of an existing base in the DNA so that in the next round of replication it will pair differently from the unmodified base. (D) Incorporation of a base analog that exhibits different base-pairing properties from the base it replaces and chemical modification of an existing base in the DNA so that in the next round of replication it will pair differently from the unmodified base.

4. Which of the following types of mutation may play an important role in driving evolution because they are often nonlethal and, therefore, remain in the gene pool? (A) nonsense (B) frameshift (C) missense (D) deletion

5. The process in which one or more nucleic acid molecules are rearranged or combined to produce a new nucleotide sequence is called________. (A) recombination. (B) transformation. (C) conjugation. (D) transduction.

6. When a eukaryotic gene is cloned into a bacterium, the advantage of a complementary DNA (CDNA) gene being used instead of fragments of genomic DNA is that_____.(A) the promoter and terminator are found in the cDNA gene but not in the genomic fragment. (B) the cDNA is made with the nucleotides found in the prokaryote but not in the eukaryote. (C) the introns have been removed from the cDNA gene but not from the genomic fragment. (D) there is no advantage to using a cDNA gene rather than a genomic fragment.

7. DNA microarray technology is used to measure the_____.(A) DNA content of cells.(B) levels of specific proteins expressed by cells.(C) levels of specific RNAs expressed by cells.(D) genetic complexity of cells of interest.

8. Which of the following best describes the basis for separation of DNA fragments during agarose gelelectrophoresis?(A) The fragments with the highest percentage of G and C will migrate fastest.(B) The fragments with the highest percentage of A and T will migrate fastest.(C) The largest fragments will migrate fastest.(D) The smallest fragments will migrate fastest.

9. T4 DNA Ligase is used to?(A) Ligate 2 proteins together.(B) Ligate 2 RNAs together.(C) Ligate 2 ends of DNA together.(D) None of the above

10. "Reverse Transcription" describes which process?(A) mRNA to Protein(B) Folded protein to unfolded protein(C) DNA to mRNA(D) mRNA to DNA

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