4. In an ecosystem, energy
(A) cycles along with chemical nutrients.
(B) typically flows from consumers to producers to decomposers.
(C) typically flows from producers through a series of consumers.
(D) comes ultimately from bacteria.

1. Which of the following statements is not consistent with Darwin's theory of natural selection?(A) Individuals in a population exhibit variations, some of which are passed from parents to offspring.(B) Individual organisms experience genetic change during their life spans to better fit their environment.(C) Factors in the environment result in some organisms having better reproductive success than others.(D) Natural selection can lead to the appearance of new species.

2. Over time, cancerous cells typically lose the cell adhesion molecules embedded in their plasma membrane. Loss of these molecules is best associated with which of the following traits of cancer cells?(A) increased rate of cell division(B) production of new proteins(C) angiogenesis(D) migration to new locations in the body

3. Plant cells grow primarily by increasing _____.(A) cell number through cell division(B) pressure and volume of the central vacuole(C) cell size through cell differentiation(D) the concentration of lignin

5. Which of the following is most important in guiding transport vesicles from the Golgi apparatus to the plasma membrane?(A) microtubules(B) microfilaments(C) plasmodesma(D) intermediate filaments

6. The alleles of a gene are found at _____ chromosomes.(A) the same locus on nonhomologous(B) different loci on homologous(C) different loci on nonhomologous(D) the same locus on homologous

7. In some cats, black coat color （B） is dominant over brown （B） and a striped fur pattern （S） is dominant over a marbled fur pattern (s). You rescued a black striped cat from an animal shelter but could not determine its exact genotype. To do so, you mated the cat with a brown marbled cat. The mating produced 3 brown marbled, 2 brown striped, 2 black marbled, and 3 black striped. Immediately, you concluded the genotype of your rescued cat was(A) BBSS.(B) BBSs.(C) BbSS.(D) BbSs.

8. The ribosomes reads a messenger RNA and makes a protein containing 120 amino acids. The mRNA consisted of at least how many codons?(A) 40(B) 120(C) 360(D) 480

9. Why does a DNA strand grow only in the 5' to 3' direction?(A) because DNA polymerases can only add nucleotides to the 3' end of the growing molecule(B) because DNA polymerases can only add nucleotides to the 5' end of the growing molecule(C) because the DNA molecule only unwinds in the 5' to 3' direction(D) because DNA polymerase requires the addition of a starter nucleotide at the 5' end

10. Which of the following statements regarding viral diseases is false?(A) RNA viruses tend to have an unusually high rate of mutation because their RNA genomes cannot be corrected by proofreading.(B) New viral diseases often emerge when a virus infects a new host species.(C) Very few new human diseases have originated in other animals because the genetic differences are too great.(D) Herpesviruses may remain dormant for long periods of time while inside the host cell nucleus.

11. Which of the following permits a single gene to code for more than one polypeptide?(A) retention of different introns in the final version of the different mRNA strands(B) alternative RNA splicing(C) genetic differentiation(D) addition of different types of caps and tails to the final version of the mRNA strands

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