42. A shoe company's ads feature the members of a popular country music band. Product sales increase significantly among the band's fans. From the fans' viewpoint, the band is a ________.
(A) membership group
(B) reference group
(C) laggard
(D) subculture
(E) latemajority adopter

43. Kallton is a multinational communications and information technology corporation. Its principal products are mobile telephones and tablets. It recently announced on its website that customers can suggest ideas for its upcoming product model. Contributors of shortlisted ideas will be adequately rewarded. In this case, Kallton is using ________ to generate new product ideas. (A) marketing strategy development (B) crowdsourcing (C) concept development (D) business analysis (E) test marketing

44. Using ________, researchers measure consumer responses to new products and marketing tactics in laboratory stores or virtual online shopping environments. (A) simulated test markets (B) controlled test markets (C) business analysis (D) standard test markets (E) concept development

45. Wilkinson & Company sells plumbing supplies across the United States. Wilkinson uses Chicago as its central location for determining freight costs regardless of the city from which products are actually shipped. For example, a Dallas customer pays the freight cost from Chicago to Dallas even if the goods are shipped from Dallas. Wilkinson most likely uses ________ pricing. (A) basingpoint (B) FOBorigin (C) freightabsorption (D) zone (E) reference

46. Performance Inc. sells its newest athletic shoe styles to The Sneaker Store and distributes dated or slightly defective merchandise through Sports Discounters. Performance Inc.'s main competitor is Topnotch Manufacturers. Performance Inc. also markets its products through the company website. They decide to offer a shortterm online promotion to encourage consumers to buy their newest athletic shoes, promoting a 20 percent discount off current retail prices. In such a distribution channel, which of the following would be considered a vertical conflict? (A) a conflict between Performance Inc. and The Sneaker Store (B) a conflict among Performance Inc., The Sneaker Store, and Sports Discounters (C) a conflict between The Sneaker Store and Sports Discounters (D) a conflict between Performance Inc. and Sports Discounters (E) a conflict between Performance Inc. and Topnotch Manufacturers

47. Integrating the entire distribution chain—from its own design and manufacturing operations to distribution through its own managed stores—has turned Spanish clothing chain Zara into the world's fastestgrowing fastfashion retailer. This is an example of a(n) _______. (A) contractual VMS (B) corporate VMS (C) administered VMS (D) horizontal VMS (E) direct VMS

48. Walmart's decision to suspend its planned expansion into India's huge but fragmented retail market due to obstacles put in place by the host nation to protect its momandpop retailers is an example of _______. (A) tariffs (B) excise duties (C) quotas (D) nontariff trade barriers (E) exchange controls

49. In addition to joint ownership ventures in China, Intel has made substantial outlays in its own manufacturing and research facilities there. This is an example of _______. (A) exporting (B) direct investment (C) licensing (D) indirect exporting (E) management contracting

50. When a company makes marketing decisions by considering consumers' wants and interests, the company's requirements, and society's longrun interests, it is most likely practicing _______ marketing. (A) value (B) societal (C) senseofmission (D) consumeroriented (E) customer value

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